Since this motor is assumed to be lossless, POUT = PIN .

The output torque would be

LOAD =

POUT

66.5 kW 1 min (1200 r/min ) 60 s

2 rad 1r

= 529 N m

In English units,

LOAD =

7.04 POUT ( 7.04 )( 66.5 kW ) = = 390 lb ft nm (1200 r/min )

(b) To change the motors power factor to 0.8 leading, its field current must be increased. Since the power supplied to the load is independent of the field current level, an increase in field current increases E A while keeping the distance E A sin constant. This increase in E A changes the angle of the current

I A , eventually causing it to reach a power factor of 0.8 leading.

I A2 I A1 V jX I E A1 E A2

S A

Q I sin
A

(c)

The magnitude of the line current will be

IL =
5-19.

66.5 kW P = = 100 A 3 VT PF 3 ( 480 V )( 0.8)

A 480-V, 60 Hz, 400-hp 0.8-PF-leading eight-pole -connected synchronous motor has a synchronous reactance of 1.0 and negligible armature resistance. Ignore its friction, windage, and core losses for the purposes of this problem. (a) If this motor is initially supplying 400 hp at 0.8 PF lagging, what are the magnitudes and angles of E A and I A ? (b) How much torque is this motor producing? What is the torque angle ? How near is this value to the maximum possible induced torque of the motor for this field current setting? (c) If E A is increased by 15 percent, what is the new magnitude of the armature current? What is the motors new power factor? (d) Calculate and plot the motors V-curve for this load condition. SOLUTION (a) If losses are being ignored, the output power is equal to the input power, so the input power will be

PIN = ( 400 hp )( 746 W/hp ) = 298.4 kW

This situation is shown in the phasor diagram below:

87

V IA EA jX I

S A

The line current flow under these circumstances is

IL =

P 298.4 kW = = 449 A 3 VT PF 3 ( 480 V )( 0.8)

Because the motor is -connected, the corresponding phase current is I A = 449 / 3 = 259 A . The angle of the current is cos 1 (0.80 ) = 36.87 , so I A = 259 36.87 A . The internal generated voltage E A is

E A = V jX S I A E A = ( 4800 V ) j (1.0 )( 259 36.87 A ) = 385 32.6 V

(b) This motor has 8 poles and an electrical frequency of 60 Hz, so its rotation speed is nm = 900 r/min. The induced torque is

ind =

POUT

298.4 kW = 3166 N m 1 min 2 rad ( 900 r/min ) 60 s 1r

3 ( 480 V )( 385 V ) = 5882 N m 1 min 2 rad ( 900 r/min ) (1.0 ) 60 s 1r

The maximum possible induced torque for the motor at this field setting is

ind,max =

3 V E A

m X S

(c)

If the magnitude of the internal generated voltage E A is increased by 15%, the new torque angle

can be found from the fact that E A sin P = constant .

E A2 = 1.15 E A1 = 1.15 ( 385 V ) = 443 V

2 = sin 1

E A1 385 V sin 1 = sin 1 sin( 32.6) = 27.9 E A2 443 V

The new armature current is

I A2 =

V E A2
jX S

4800 V 443 27.9 V = 225 23.1 A j1.0

The magnitude of the armature current is 225 A, and the power factor is cos (-23.1) = 0.920 lagging. (d) A MATLAB program to calculate and plot the motors V-curve is shown below:

% M-file: prob5_19d.m % M-file create a plot of armature current versus Ea % for the synchronous motor of Problem 5-19.

88

% First, initialize the field current values (21 values % in the range 3.8-5.8 A) i_f = (38:1:58) / 10; % Initialize values Ea = (1:0.01:1.70)*385; % Magnitude of Ea volts Ear = 385; % Reference Ea deltar = -32.6 * pi/180; % Reference torque angle Xs = 1.0; % Synchronous reactance Vp = 480; % Phase voltage at 0 degrees Ear = Ear * (cos(deltar) + j * sin(deltar)); % Calculate delta2 delta2 = asin ( abs(Ear) ./ abs(Ea) .* sin(deltar) ); % Calculate the phasor Ea Ea = Ea .* (cos(delta2) + j .* sin(delta2)); % Calculate Ia Ia = ( Vp - Ea ) / ( j * Xs); % Plot the v-curve figure(1); plot(abs(Ea),abs(Ia),'b','Linewidth',2.0); xlabel('\bf\itE_{A}\rm\bf (V)'); ylabel('\bf\itI_{A}\rm\bf (A)'); title ('\bfSynchronous Motor V-Curve'); grid on;

The resulting plot is shown below

5-20.

A 2300-V 2000-hp 0.8-PF leading 60-Hz two-pole Y-connected synchronous motor has a synchronous reactance of 1.5 and an armature resistance of 0.3 . At 60 Hz, its friction and windage losses are 50 kW, and its core losses are 40 kW. The field circuit has a dc voltage of 200 V, and the maximum I F is 89

5-22.

If a 60-Hz synchronous motor is to be operated at 50 Hz, will its synchronous reactance be the same as at 60 Hz, or will it change? (Hint: Think about the derivation of X S .) SOLUTION The synchronous reactance represents the effects of the armature reaction voltage Estat and the armature self-inductance. The armature reaction voltage is caused by the armature magnetic field B S , and the amount of voltage is directly proportional to the speed with which the magnetic field sweeps over the stator surface. The higher the frequency, the faster B S sweeps over the stator, and the higher the armature reaction voltage Estat is. Therefore, the armature reaction voltage is directly proportional to frequency. Similarly, the reactance of the armature self-inductance is directly proportional to frequency, so the total synchronous reactance X S is directly proportional to frequency. If the frequency is changed from 60 Hz to 50 Hz, the synchronous reactance will be decreased by a factor of 5/6.

5-23.

A 480-V 100-kW 0.85-PF leading 50-Hz six-pole Y-connected synchronous motor has a synchronous reactance of 1.5 and a negligible armature resistance. The rotational losses are also to be ignored. This motor is to be operated over a continuous range of speeds from 300 to 1000 r/min, where the speed changes are to be accomplished by controlling the system frequency with a solid-state drive. (a) Over what range must the input frequency be varied to provide this speed control range? (b) How large is E A at the motors rated conditions? (c) What is the maximum power the motor can produce at the rated conditions? (d) What is the largest E A could be at 300 r/min? (e) Assuming that the applied voltage V is derated by the same amount as E A , what is the maximum power the motor could supply at 300 r/min? (f) How does the power capability of a synchronous motor relate to its speed? SOLUTION (a) A speed of 300 r/min corresponds to a frequency of

95

fe =

nm P (300 r/min )(6) = = 15 Hz 120 120 nm P (1000 r/min )(6) = = 50 Hz 120 120

A speed of 1000 r/min corresponds to a frequency of

fe =

The frequency must be controlled in the range 15 to 50 Hz. (b) The armature current at rated conditions is

I A = IL =

P 100 kW = = 141.5 A 3 VT PF 3 ( 480 V )( 0.85)

so I A = 141.531.8 A . This machine is Y-connected, so the phase voltage is V = 480 / The internal generated voltage is

3 = 277 V.

E A = V R A I A jX S I A E A = 2770 V j (1.5 )(141.531.8 A ) E A = 429 24.9 V

So E A = 429 V at rated conditions. (c) is The maximum power that the motor can produce at rated speed with the value of E A from part (b)

Pmax =
(d)

3V E A XS

3 ( 277 V )( 429 V ) = 238 kW 1.5

Since E A must be decreased linearly with frequency, the maximum value at 300 r/min would be

E A,300 =
(e)

15 Hz (429 V ) = 129 V 50 Hz

If the applied voltage V is derated by the same amount as E A , then V = (15/50)(277) = 83.1 V.

Also, note that X S = (15/50)(1.5 ) = 0.45 . The maximum power that the motor could supply would be

Pmax =

3 V E A XS

3(83.1 V )(129 V ) = 71.5 kW 0.45

(f) As we can see by comparing the results of (c) and (e), the power-handling capability of the synchronous motor varies linearly with the speed of the motor. 5-24. A 208-V Y-connected synchronous motor is drawing 50 A at unity power factor from a 208-V power system. The field current flowing under these conditions is 2.7 A. Its synchronous reactance is 0.8 . Assume a linear open-circuit characteristic. (a) Find the torque angle . (b) How much field current would be required to make the motor operate at 0.78 PF leading? (c) What is the new torque angle in part (b)? 96

SOLUTION (a) The phase voltage of this motor is V = 120 V, and the armature current is I A = 500 A .

Therefore, the internal generated voltage is

E A = V R A I A jX S I A E A = 1200 V j ( 0.8 )( 500 A ) E A = 126.5 18.4 V

The torque angle of this machine is 18.4. (b) A phasor diagram of the motor operating at a power factor of 0.78 leading is shown below. P

I A2 I A1 V jX I E A1 E A2

S A

Since the power supplied by the motor is constant, the quantity I A cos , which is directly proportional to power, must be constant. Therefore,

I A2 ( 0.78) = ( 50 A )(1.00) I A2 = 64.138.7 A

The internal generated voltage required to produce this current would be

E A2 = V R A I A2 jX S I A2 E A2 = 1200 V j ( 0.8 )( 64.138.7 A ) E A2 = 157 14.7 V

The internal generated voltage E A is directly proportional to the field flux, and we have assumed in this problem that the flux is directly proportional to the field current. Therefore, the required field current is

IF2 =
(c) 5-25.

E A2 157 V (2.7 A ) = 3.35 A I F1 = E A1 126.5 V

The new torque angle of this machine is 14.7.

A synchronous machine has a synchronous reactance of 2.0 per phase and an armature resistance of 0.4 per phase. If E A = 460-8 V and V = 4800 V, is this machine a motor or a generator? How much power P is this machine consuming from or supplying to the electrical system? How much reactive power Q is this machine consuming from or supplying to the electrical system? SOLUTION This machine is a motor, consuming power from the power system, because E A is lagging V . It is also consuming reactive power, because E A cos < V . The current flowing in this machine is

IA =

V E A
R A + jX S

4800 V 460 8 V = 33.6 9.6 A 0.4 + j 2.0

97