Adrenal glands < 1 cm thick (both limbs), 4 - 6 cm length Aorta 3 cm/2.5 cm @ the diaphragm/2.0 cm @ the mid-abdomen, and 1.

8 cm @ the bifurcation. Greater than 5 cm has increased risk of rupture. Appendix < 6 mm Appendix wall < 3 mm Azygous vein 6 mm / 10 mm Upright films/supine films Bladder wall 3 mm / 5 mm Distended/non-distend bladder Blood (acute hemorrhage) 40-60 Houndsfield units Bronchi (proximal) < 2.4 cm Tracheobronchomegaly (Mournier- Kuhn disease) Bronchus intermedius posterior wall < 2 mm Carina angle < 60 degrees Sign of left atrial enlargement Cervix (in pregnancy) > 3 cm length < 3 cm length is cervical shortening Colon < 5 cm Colon cecum < 8 cm > 10 cm is at increased risk of perforation > 12 cm is toxic megacolon Colon wall < 3 mm With lumen distended Common bile duct 7 mm Cysts 10-15 Houndsfield units Duodenum see small bowel Endometrium 3-15 mm / 5 mm Pre-menopausal/post-menopausal Esophagus < 3 mm wall thickness In a distended esophagus Fallopian tubes 12 14 cm Gallbladder 5 x 10 cm Gallbladder (lumen) 4 cm Gallbladder wall 3 mm Gastric folds < 1 cm in the fundus < 5 mm in the antrum Heart size (Cardiothoracic index) < 0.55 on PA, < 0.60 on AP AP view less reliable Ileum See small bowel Interlobar artery (right) < 16 mm in males, < 15 mm in females Measured on a PA film, immediately lateral to the portion of the bronchus intermedius. Intrahepatic ducts 2 mm IVC < 28 mm Jejunum See small bowel Kidney 9 - 13 cm or 3 - 4 lumbar vertebral bodies Avg. length is 11 cm Large bowel (lumen) 6 cm Large bowel wall 3 mm Liver < 15 cm Liver CT attenuation 8 Houndsfield units > spleen Lung diameter < 27 cm craniocaudal Less reliable sign of over-inflation Lymph nodes see Lymph node chart Mediastinum 8 cm On upright PA films Not a very reliable sign Ovarian follicle < 2.5 cm Greater than 2.5 cm is a cyst Ovaries (postmenopausal) < 8 cc volume Ovaries (premenopausal) 3 x 3 x 4 cm (or 18 cc volume) Pancreas 2 cm / 1 cm / 1 - 2 cm Head//Neck/Body & tail Pancreatic duct 3 mm (5 mm in elderly) Enlarges with age Parathyroid Body Imaging Normal Values Comments Adrenal glands < 1 cm thick (both limbs), 4 - 6 cm

length Aorta 3 cm Or 2.5 cm @ the diaphragm, 2.0 cm @ the mid-abdomen, and 1.8 cm @ the bifurcation. Greater than 5 cm has increased risk of rupture. Appendix < 6 mm Appendix wall < 3 mm Azygous vein 6 mm / 10 mm Upright films/supine films Bladder wall 3 mm / 5 mm Distended/non-distend bladder Blood (acute hemorrhage) 40-60 Houndsfield units Bronchi (proximal) < 2.4 cm Tracheobronchomegaly (Mournier- Kuhn disease) Bronchus intermedius posterior wall < 2 mm Carina angle < 60 degrees Sign of left atrial enlargement Cervix (in pregnancy) > 3 cm length < 3 cm length is cervical shortening Colon < 5 cm Colon cecum < 8 cm > 10 cm is at increased risk of perforation > 12 cm is toxic megacolon Colon wall < 3 mm With lumen distended Common bile duct 7 mm Cysts 10-15 Houndsfield units Duodenum see small bowel Endometrium 3-15 mm / 5 mm Pre-menopausal/post-menopausal Esophagus < 3 mm wall thickness In a distended esophagus Fallopian tubes 12 14 cm Gallbladder 5 x 10 cm Gallbladder (lumen) 4 cm Gallbladder wall 3 mm Gastric folds < 1 cm in the fundus < 5 mm in the antrum Heart size (Cardiothoracic index) < 0.55 on PA, < 0.60 on AP AP view less reliable Ileum See small bowel Interlobar artery (right) < 16 mm in males, < 15 mm in females Measured on a PA film, immediately lateral to the portion of the bronchus intermedius. Intrahepatic ducts 2 mm IVC < 28 mm Jejunum See small bowel Kidney 9 - 13 cm or 3 - 4 lumbar vertebral bodies Avg. length is 11 cm Large bowel (lumen) 6 cm Large bowel wall 3 mm Liver < 15 cm Liver CT attenuation 8 Houndsfield units > spleen Lung diameter < 27 cm craniocaudal Less reliable sign of over-inflation Lymph nodes see Lymph node chart Mediastinum 8 cm On upright PA films Not a very reliable sign Ovarian follicle < 2.5 cm Greater than 2.5 cm is a cyst Ovaries (postmenopausal) < 8 cc volume Ovaries (premenopausal) 3 x 3 x 4 cm (or 18 cc volume) Pancreas 2 cm / 1 cm / 1 - 2 cm Head//Neck/Body & tail Pancreatic duct 3 mm (5 mm in elderly) Enlarges with age Parathyroid

Paratracheal stripe < 4 mm Never extends below the R bronchus Pericardium -Subpericardial fat stripe < 10 mm Placenta > 2 cm between placenta and internal os < 2 cm is low-lying placenta Pleura 0.2 0.4 mm normal thickness Not visible by CT Portal vein 13 mm AP Where PV crosses IVC. Portal vein diameter < 13 mm Enlarged in portal hypertension Prostate < 4 cm diameter, < 30 cc volume Pulmonary artery < 2.9 cm Pulmonary artery : Aorta diameter < 1:1 Ratio greater than 1:1 correlates with elevated mean Pyloric stenosis Pylo ric canal < 1.2 mm Pyloric muscle > 3mm Retrosternal air space < 3 cm at 3 cm below sternomanubrial junction Less reliable sign of over-inflation Small bowel (lumen) 2.5 - 3.0 cm Small bowel folds < 4 mm Small bowel wall 3 mm Spleen 12 x 7 x 4 cm Any splenic dimension greater than 14 cm suggests splenomegaly. Splenic vein < 10 mm Associated with portal hypertension Stomach wall 2 - 5 mm In a distended stomach Superior mesenteric vein < 10 mm Associated with portal hypertension Testicle (veins) < 2 mm in diameter Varicoceles are greater than 2 mm Testicles 5 x 3 x 3 cm Thymus < 13 mm if greater than 20 years Thyroid 2 - 5 cm per lobe Trachea < 3 cm Tracheobronchomegaly (Mournier- Kuhn disease) Coronal : sagittal diameter ratio of > 0.6, narrowing in saber sheath trachea. Tracheoesophageal stripe < 5 mm Umbilical vein 3 mm Develops as a collateral in portal HTN. Ureter < 8 mm Uterus junctional zone < 12 mm (as seen on MRI) Thickening in adenomyosis Vater s papilla (Major papilla) 8 - 10 mm in length Back to the top

Musculoskeletal Normal Values Comments Acromioclavicular distance < 8 mm Atlantodental distance Adults < 3 mm Children < 5 mm Basion Dens distance 12 mm Boehler s angle < 20 degrees C1 lateral masses < 2 mm bilaterally Capitolunate angle < 20 degrees Coracoclavicular distance < 13 mm Foot angles AP talocalcaneal angle 20 - 40 degrees Lateral talocalcaneal angle 35 - 50 degrees Intercarpal space 2 - 4 mm Prevertebral soft tissue space C3-C4 5 mm Non-portable film Preverterbral soft tissue space C5 C7 20 mm from vertebral body Not as reliable as the C3 C4 space Prosthesis < 2 mm at bone-cement or metal-bone interfaces Increased value indicates prosthetic loosening Radius 15 - 25 degrees ulnar tilt 10 - 25 degrees volar tilt Scapholunate angle 30-60 degrees Scapholunate dissociation < 3 mm Terry-Thomas sign Talus eversion stress view < 20 degree talar tilt If abnormal, tear of the ankle medial collateral ligament Talus inversion stress view < 15 degree talar tilt If abnormal, tear of the ankl e lateral collateral ligament Tibia vara Tibiofemoral angle > 15 degrees Musculoskeletal Normal Values Comments Acromioclavicular distance < 8 mm Atlantodental distance Adults < 3 mm Children < 5 mm Basion Dens distance 12 mm Boehler s angle < 20 degrees C1 lateral masses < 2 mm bilaterally Capitolunate angle < 20 degrees Coracoclavicular distance < 13 mm Foot angles AP talocalcaneal angle 20 - 40 degrees Lateral talocalcaneal angle 35 - 50 degrees Intercarpal space 2 - 4 mm Prevertebral soft tissue space C3-C4 5 mm Non-portable film Preverterbral soft tissue space C5 C7 20 mm from vertebral body Not as reliable as the C3 C4 space Prosthesis < 2 mm at bone-cement or metal-bone interfaces Increased value indicates prosthetic loosening Radius 15 - 25 degrees ulnar tilt 10 - 25 degrees volar tilt Scapholunate angle 30-60 degrees Scapholunate dissociation < 3 mm Terry-Thomas sign Talus eversion stress view < 20 degree talar tilt If abnormal, tear of the ankle medial collateral ligament

Talus inversion stress view < 15 degree talar tilt If abnormal, tear of the ankl e lateral collateral ligament Tibia vara Tibiofemoral angle > 15 degrees Back to the top

Neuroradiology Normal Values Comments Basilar artery < 5 mm Cerebellar tonsils < 5 mm below foramen magnum 3 - 5 mm is tonsillar ectopia > 5 mm is Chiari I malformation Cisterna magna (fetus) 4 - 10 mm Dural enhancement < 2 mm Filum terminale < 1.5 mm Foramen spinosum 4.7 mm diameter Internal auditory canal < 2 mm variance in diamter between L & R Optic canal 3.5 - 6.5 mm < 1 mm variance in diameter between L & R Pineal calcifications < 1 cm Pituitary gland 3 - 8 mm height (coronal) Up to 10 mm in puberty > 10 mm in pregnancy Pituitary stalk 2 - 5 mm in diameter Spinal canal (thecal sac) Cervical > 7 mm Lumbar > 10 mm Spinal cord 7 mm AP diameter 8 mm at conus medullaris Thecal sac AP > 7 mm / > 10 mm Cervical / Lumbar Ventricles (fetus) < 10 mm at the atrium Neuroradiology Normal Values Comments Basilar artery < 5 mm Cerebellar tonsils < 5 mm below foramen magnum 3 - 5 mm is tonsillar ectopia > 5 mm is Chiari I malformation Cisterna magna (fetus) 4 - 10 mm Dural enhancement < 2 mm Filum terminale < 1.5 mm Foramen spinosum 4.7 mm diameter Internal auditory canal < 2 mm variance in diamter between L & R Optic canal 3.5 - 6.5 mm < 1 mm variance in diameter between L & R Pineal calcifications < 1 cm Pituitary gland 3 - 8 mm height (coronal) Up to 10 mm in puberty > 10 mm in pregnancy Pituitary stalk 2 - 5 mm in diameter Spinal canal (thecal sac) Cervical > 7 mm Lumbar > 10 mm Spinal cord 7 mm AP diameter 8 mm at conus medullaris Thecal sac AP > 7 mm / > 10 mm Cervical / Lumbar Ventricles (fetus) < 10 mm at the atrium Back to the top

Lines and Tubes Normal Values Comments Central lines Near junction of SVC and right atrium Endotracheal tube position 4 - 6 cm above carina With Intra-aortic balloon pump 2 - 4 cm below aortic knob Swan-Ganz catheter < 1 cm from hilum Umbilical artery cath Between T6 - T9 Umbilical vein cath Above diaphragm, near junction of and right atrium Lines and Tubes Normal Values Comments Central lines Near junction of SVC and right atrium Endotracheal tube position 4 - 6 cm above carina With Intra-aortic balloon pump 2 - 4 cm below aortic knob Swan-Ganz catheter < 1 cm from hilum Umbilical artery cath Between T6 - T9 Umbilical vein cath Above diaphragm, near junction of and right atrium

a neutral neck position

IVC

a neutral neck position

IVC