Term Paper

Cap-520

CIDR/VLSM
3/29/2012

Submitted To:Mr. Sahil Rampal

Submitted By:Rupendra Singh B. Tech (H) IT +MBA RSP307B57 7470070079

Acknowledgement
Making this term paper was a fantastic journey. I would like to thank my teacher Mr.Sahil Rampal for providing suggestions on how to proceed with the term paper and clearing the doubts whenever they accumulated in my mind. I am equally thankful to my friends who have been very helping and supportive throughout the process.

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Content
Introduction CIDR VLSM Supernetting Subnetting Class of IP Demonstration through Packet Tracer Bibliography

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Introduction
CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is a method for allocating IP addresses and routing Internet Protocol packets. Its goal was to slow the growth of routing tables on routers across the Internet, and to help slow the rapid exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. Classless Inter-Domain Routing is based on variable-length subnet masking (VLSM), which allows a network to be divided into variously-sized subnets, providing the opportunity to size a network more appropriately for local needs. As such, a technique of grouping addresses for common operations was based on the concept of cluster addressing, first proposed by Carl-Herbert Rokitansky. CIDR encompasses several concepts. It is based on the VLSM technique with effective qualities of specifying arbitrary-length prefixes. Addresses are represented in CIDR notation, in which an address or routing prefix is written with a suffix indicating the number of bits in the address, such as 192.0.2.0/24. CIDR introduced an administrative process of allocating address blocks to organizations based on their actual and short-term projected needs. The aggregation of multiple contiguous prefixes resulted in supernets in the larger Internet, which whenever possible are advertised as aggregates, thus reducing the number of entries in the global routing table.

VLSM A variable length subnet mask (VLSM) allows you to subnet Class A, B, or C addresses using different length masks for the various subnets. It is beneficial because it allows more efficient use of an assigned address space. Consider the following example. Customer X is using the private Class B address space 172.16.0.0 /16 to meet all of their IP addressing requirements. Without VLSM, Customer X would have to use the same mask for all subnets. If the customer needed to support up to 250 hosts on a network, the 255.255.255.0 (/24) mask would be appropriate. This is inefficient, especially on a point-to-point link using a maximum of two of the possible 254 host addresses available with a /24 mask. Using VLSM, a /24 mask can be used (providing 254 host addresses) and a /30 mask can be used for point-to-point links (providing two host addresses). Any other mask (longer than /16, the original mask of the allocated address space) is also possible if good design practice is followed. Care must be taken when using VLSM. Using a range of subnet masks within a single classful address requires that the routing protocol supports VLSM. Support for VLSM requires that the protocol not only advertise the available network number, but also the mask

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Super netting
In Internet networking terminology, a super net is a block of contiguous subnet works addressed as a single subnet in the larger network. Supernets always have a subnet mask that is smaller than the masks of the component networks. The size of routing tables has been rapidly increasing during the expansion of the Internet. Supernetting is the process of aggregating routes to multiple smaller networks, thus saving storage space in the routing table and simplifying routing decisions. Furthermore, routing advertisements to neighboring gateways are reduced. Supernetting in large, complex networks can isolate topology changes from other routers. This can aid in improving the stability of the network by limiting the propagation of routing traffic after a network link fails. For example, if a router only advertises a summary route to the next router, then it does not advertise any changes to specific subnets within the summarized range. This can significantly reduce any unnecessary routing updates following a topology change. Hence, it increases the speed of convergence and allows for a more stable environment.

Subnetting
Subnetwork, or subnet, is a logically visible subdivision of an IP network. The practice of dividing a single network into two or more networks is called subnetting and the networks created are called subnet works or subnets. All computers that belong to a subnet are addressed with a common, identical, mostsignificant bit-group in their IP address. This results in the logical division of an IP
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address into two fields, a network or routing prefix and the rest field or host identifier. The rest field is an identifier for a specific "host" either a computer, or a device, or specific network interface on a computer or device. The routing prefix is expressed in CIDR notation. It is written as the first address of a network, followed by a slash character (/), followed by the bit-length of the prefix. For example, 192.168.1.0/24 is the prefix of the Internet Protocol Version 4 network starting at the given address, having 24 bits allocated for the network prefix, and the remaining 8 bits reserved for host addressing. The IPv6 address specification 2001:db8::/32 is a large network for 296 hosts, having a 32-bit routing prefix. In IPv4 the routing prefix is also specified in the form of the subnet mask, which is expressed in quad-dotted decimal representation like an address. For example, 255.255.255.0 is the network mask for the 192.168.1.0/24 prefix. Traffic between subnet works is routed with special devices called routers; they provide gateway between subnet works. As logical borders between the subnets, they can be configured to either allow communication between any two IP address on the separate subnets, or prevent it. The benefits of subnetting vary with each deployment scenario. In the address allocation architecture of the Internet using Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) and in large organizations, it is necessary to allocate address space efficiently. It may also enhance routing efficiency, or have advantages in network management when subnet works are administratively controlled by different entities in a larger organization. Subnets may be arranged logically in a hierarchical architecture, partitioning an organization's network address space into a tree-like routing structure.

Classes of IP
Every computer that communicates over the Internet is assigned an IP address that uniquely identifies the device and distinguishes it from other computers on the Internet. An IP address consists of 32 bits, often shown as 4 octets of numbers from 0-255
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represented in decimal form instead of binary form. For example, the IP address: 168.212.226.204 in binary form is 10101000.11010100.11100010.11001100. Class A Network -- binary address start with 0, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 1 to 126. The first 8 bits (the first octet) identify the network and the remaining 24 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class A IP address is 102.168.212.226, where "102" identifies the network and "168.212.226" identifies the host on that network. Class B Network -- binary addresses start with 10, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 128 to 191. (The number 127 is reserved for loopback and is used for internal testing on the local machine.) The first 16 bits (the first two octets) identify the network and the remaining 16 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class B IP address is 168.212.226.204 where "168.212" identifies the network and "226.204" identifies the host on that network. Class C Network -- binary addresses start with 110, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 192 to 223. The first 24 bits (the first three octets) identify the network and the remaining 8 bits indicate the host within the network. An example of a Class C IP address is 200.168.212.226 where "200.168.212" identifies the network and "226" identifies the host on that network. Class D Network -- binary addresses start with 1110, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 224 to 239. Class D networks are used to support multicasting. Class E Network -- binary addresses start with 1111, therefore the decimal number can be anywhere from 240 to 255. Class E networks are used for experimentation. They have never been documented or utilized in a standard way.

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