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Tensile Testing of GEV307 at room Temperature Investigation of blade material behaviour under external (extreme) conditions.

Work Package 9

OB_TG3_R027, rev. 002 10345 Final version Confidential

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B MAT LAD TI

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TG 3

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Change record Issue/revision Rev 000 Rev 001 Rev 002 Rev 003 date 200-01-29 2006-02-10 2006-03-17 2006-03-28 pages 18 19 22 22 Added theoretical values Added analyses of failure modes New figures 11 and 12 Summary of changes

Tensile testing of GEV307 at room temperature

Povl Brndsted

Ris National Laboratory Roskilde Denmark

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Optimat report, TG3_R027, rev. 003

Author: Povl Brndsted Title: Tensile testing of

GEV307 in 1- and 2 direction

Optimat TG3_R027, rev. 002

report,

@ room temperature Department: Ris

Abstract (max. 2000 char.):

Contract no.:

Groups own reg. no.: (Fniks PSP-element)

Sponsorship:

Cover:

Pages: Tables: References: Ris National Laboratory Information Service Department P.O.Box 49 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark Telephone +45 46774004 bibl@risoe.dk Fax +45 46774013

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Preface
This report describes the tensile testing at room temperature of the OPTIMAT alternative material. The testing is a part of the deliverables in WP9 in TG3: Investigation of blade material behaviour under external (extreme) conditions. Extreme conditions for alternative materials Based on the findings in phase 1, primarily from WP 8, a test plan has been prepared to establish a deeper understanding of the effects of the most detrimental environmental effects. These have been found to be elevated temperatures. A supplementary number of additional tests on the reference material and an investigation of the behaviour of an alternative material (glass fibres in an alternative resin is suggested) under the selected conditions are carried out.

The static tensile test are carried out according to the ISO 527 recommendation with the exception that the loading history are selected in loading-unloading sequences in order to be able to follow the damage growth during the tests.

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1 Test Programme.
The full test programme is shown in Figure 1 where the tests described in this report is highlighted

Environmental conditions

Test matrix for WP9

No of specimens to be tested Total static T T I C C MD 90 5 5 35 35 0 0 5 Riso VTT 5 WMC 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 5 5 35 20 15 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Fatigue T-T T-C MD MD 0 0 10 10 C-C MD 0 10 10 Laboratory Test method T

MD MD MD MD MD Laminate 0 90 30 90 0 RT 5 Riso 5 VTT WMC T 60 C 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 10

Figure 1. Test plan for WP 9. Current tests are highlighted.

All static tests are planed to be carried out according to the international standard ISO 527/4 with the exception that the loading history includes loading-unloading sequences in order to follow damage evolution.

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2 Material and Test Specimens.

The material tested is a Glass-Epoxy Multi Directional 5 x Biaxial 806 & 4 x Combi 1250 laminate vacuum injected with epoxy system E6/H6. The laminate is manufactured by LM Glasfiber A/S, material specification number GEV 307. The test specimens for the tensile tests are OPTIMAT type I0100 (1 direction) and I0190 (2 direction). They are procured by the manufacturer and cut out according to ISO 527-4, type 3 with end tabs. Test specimen geometry is shown in Figure 2. In Table 1 and Figure 3 the theoretical values for the MD laminate are shown. Calculations are performed using the software programme CompositePro with a E-GlassExpoxy laminate material.

Figure 2. Tensile test specimen.

Table 1. Laminate for theoretical calculation, Vol % Fibres = 54%

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Laminate Moduli
30000 25000 20000 10000 5000 0 Ex Exb Ey Eyb Gxy Gxyb

MPa 15000

Figure 3. Theoretical Laminate Moduli

Table 2. Theoretical Values

LAMINATE PROPERTIES
Extentional Properties: Ex (Pa)= 2.885E+10 NUxy = 4.261E-01 Flexural Properties: Exb (Pa)= 2.580E+10 NUxyb = -4.562E-01 Eyb (Pa)= 1.560E+10 NUyxb = -2.759E-01 Gxyb (Pa)= 8.992E+09 Ey (Pa)= 1.549E+10 NUyx = 2.288E-01 Gxy (Pa)= 8.151E+09

Thermal Expansion Coefficients (CTE Units = m/m/C, CTEk Units = 1/m/C) CTEx = 7.914E-06 CTEy = 2.024E-05 CTExy = 3.708E-11 CTExk = -9.637E-08 CTEyk = -2.121E-07 CTExyk = -9.170E-06 Moisture Expansion Coefficients (CME Units = m/m/%, CMEk Units = 1/m/%) CMEx = 1.878E-04 CMEy = 1.060E-03 CMExy = 3.358E-09 CMExyk = -6.523ECMExk = -7.697E-06 CMEyk = -1.812E-05 04 Physical Properties: Density (gm/m3)= 1.987E+06

Thickness (m)= 6.400E02

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Test Procedure
2.1 Tensile testing in 1 direction.
The tests were carried out using an Instron 8533 hydraulic test machine with mechanical grips. The load is measured using a certified 250 kN dynamic Instron load cell, UK 084. Longitudinal strain is measured using a strain gauge extensometer, Instron type 2620-600, #1747, 1mm, 25 mm gauge length. Transverse strain is measured using a strain gauge extensometer, Instron type 2620-600, #1747, 1mm, 22.5 mm gauge length. The testing is controlled in position control and run at 2 mm/min. The loading-unloading test sequences are controlled by Instron Wavemaker programme in a block sequence history shown in Figure 4.
Loading Sequences Tensile tests in 1 direction 8 300 6 4 Displacement (mm) 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 Time (sec) 50 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 250 200 150 1400 100

Figure 4. Loading-unloading sequences for tensile test in 1-direction.

The test is controlled in the way that the position ramp is reversed when a preset load value is reached. The reason for not choosing a preset strain value as target value is that the extensometers can jump when cracking occurs. The test data are sampled in files with a sampling rate of 5 Hz. At a load level below failure load ( 60 kN) in the last sequence the extensometers were removed from the specimen in order to protect them from damage at the final fracture. A typical stress strain curve is shown in Figure 5.

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Load (kN)

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Tensile test GEV307-I0100-11

700.0 600.0 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0 -2 -1 -100.0 Strain (%) 0 1 2 3 4 Series1

Figure 5. Stress strain curve for a 1-direction tensile test.

Stress (MPa)

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2.2 Tensile testing in 2 direction.

The tests were carried out using an Instron 8842 hydraulic test machine with Hydraulic grips. The load is measured using a certified 100 kN dynamic Instron load cell, UK 054. Longitudinal strain is measured using a strain gauge extensometer, Instron type 2620-600, #1747, 1mm, 25 mm gauge length. Transverse strain is measured using a strain gauge extensometer, Instron type 2620-600, #1747, 1mm, 22.5 mm gauge length. The testing is controlled in position control and run at 2 mm/min. The loading-unloading test sequences are controlled by Instron Wavemaker programme in a block sequence history shown in Figure 6.
Loading Sequences Tensile tests in 2 direction

Displacement (mm)

10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 0 200 400

Displacement Profile

90 80 70 60 50 40 1200 30 20 10 0 Load (kN)

600

800

1000

Load Profile

Time (sec)

Figure 6. Loading-unloading sequences for tensile test in 2-direction.

The test is controlled in the way that the position ramp is reversed when a preset load value is reached. The reason for not choosing a preset strain value as target value is that the extensometers can jump when cracking occurs. The test data are sampled in files with a sampling rate of 5 Hz. The extensometers remain mounted on the test specimens until failure A typical stress strain curve is shown in Figure 7.

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Tensile test GEV307-I0190-03

160.0 140.0 120.0 100.0 Stress (MPa) 80.0 Series1 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 0 -20.0 Strain (%) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Figure 7. Stress strain curve for a 2-direction tensile test.

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3 Data Handling.
The following properties are extracted from the test data: Stiffness, Youngs Modulus: According to the ISO 527 the tensile modulus are defined as the slope of the stress strain curve in uniaxial tension between 0.05% and 0.25% strain. In order to measure a well defined modulus, it must be assured that the strain limits between which the slope is determined are correct. Hence, it is required, that the intercept point for the elastic line must be origin (0,0) in the stress-strain diagram. See Figure 8. Poissons ratio Poissons ration is defined as the ratio between transverse strain and longitudinal strain. It is calculated as the slope of the (T. strain L. strain) line in the same range as the range wherein the Stiffness is calculated. See Figure 8. Secant modulus: This is defined as the slope of the unloading-loading loop parameters and calculated as a linear regression of all data in a loop. See Figure 9 Loop stiffness and Loop Poisson ratio Loop stiffness and strain ration in the unloading-loading loop. Slope of stress-strain and L-strain-T-strain curve between 0.05% - 0.25% strain from minimum strain in the loop. Damping Defined as the area of the normalized loading-unloading hysteresis loop, Figure 10. Normalization values are mean and amplitude values. I.e. Normalised value = (Value-(max+min))/(max-min) Maximum-minimum strain in the unloading-loading loop Maximum and minimum strains in the unloading-loading loop are found from the data.

All properties are automatically extracted from the data files in an Excel spreadsheet.

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Initial Stiffness and Poisson Ratio. 100 80 60 40 20 0 Elastic line through -0.1 0
(0,0) Array between 0.05% and 25% for definition of Modulus

1 0.8
Loading unloading sequences

y = 269.42x - 9E-14

Stress (MPa)

0.6 0.4 0.2 0

-20

Line for calculating Poisson's ratio

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 -0.2

Longitudinal Strain (%)

Figure 8. Diagram illustrating the calculation of stiffness and Poisson's ratio.

Unloading-Loading loop 700 600

Secant modulus

500 Stress (MPa) 400 300 200 100 0 -100 0 0.5

Loop Stiffness

1.5 Strain (%)

2.5

Transverse Strain (%) 3

Figure 9. Unloading-loading loop

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Normalised Unloading-Loading loop 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.00 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 Strain (%)

Damping = Area of normalised hysteresis loop

Stress (MPa)

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.50

1.00

1.50

Figure 10. Diagram showing a normalized unloading-loading loop.

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4 Test results.
The results from the tensile tests in the 1 direction are shown in Table 3, and the damage parameters from the loop analyses are shown in Figure 11. Results from tensile tests in the 2 direction is shown in Table 4 and Figure 12. Tensile strength and Strain to failure in Tests GEV307-I0190-01 and GEV307-I0190-02 are nonvalid because of failure in the grips. Se section 5.

Table 3. Results tensile test in 1-direction Results Table GEV307-I0100 Width (mm) 6.52 6.53 6.51 6.50 6.49 Thickness (mm) 25.38 25.45 25.62 25.59 25.55 Young's Modulus (MPa) 27.39 27.44 26.67 29.16 26.94 27.52 0.97 3.5 Poissons Ratio 0.39 0.43 0.39 0.42 0.40 0.41 0.02 5.0 Tensile Strength (MPa) 655 616 629 596 580 615 29 4.7 Strain to failure (%) 3.04 2.85 3.10 2.78 2.97 2.95 0.13 4.5

Specimen # GEV307-I0100-07 GEV307-I0100-08 GEV307-I0100-09 GEV307-I0100-10 GEV307-I0100-11 Average Stdev Stdev (%)

Table 4. Results tensile test in 2-directio. Marked cells indicate non-valid results
Results Table GEV307-I0190 Width (mm) 6.69 6.87 6.82 6.76 6.75 Tensile Young's Thickness Modulus Poissons Strength Strain to (MPa) failure (%) (MPa) Ratio (mm) 25.51 13.93 0.22 118 1.72 25.40 13.85 0.20 138 2.42 25.53 13.99 0.16 139 2.47 25.54 14.12 0.18 140 2.44 25.52 14.24 0.18 140 2.46 14.02 0.19 140 2.46 0.16 0.02 1 0.02 1.1 13.1 0.6 0.8

Specimen # GEV307-I0190-01 GEV307-I0190-02 GEV307-I0190-03 GEV307-I0190-04 GEV307-I0190-05 Average Stdev Stdev (%)

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Tensile tests - 1 direction GEV307 - Damage in Loading-unloading 30 29 Stiffness (Initial and Secant) (GPa) 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Strain (%) 2.0 2.5 3.0
Stiffness Secant Modulus Intercept Poissons ratio Damping

0.80 0.70 Intercept strain (%), Damping, Poisson's ration Intercept strain (%), Damping, Poisson's ration 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 -0.10 -0.20

Figure 11. Damage properties from tensile tests in 1-direction.

Tensile tests - 2 direction GEV307 - Damage in Loading-unloading 20 18 Stiffness (Initial and Secant) (GPa) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Strain (%) 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.50 Stiffness Secant Modulus 0.45 Intercept 0.40 Poissons ratio Damping 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00

Figure 12. Damage properties from tensile tests in 2-direction.

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5 Failure modes.
Photographs of the failure modes of the specimens tested are shown in Figure 13 and Figure 14 (1-direction tests, and Figure 15 and Figure 16 (2 direction tests). The failures in 1 direction can be characterized as overall splitting in the gauge area. The failures are apparently not influenced by the gripping and tabs areas. The failures in the 2-direction are localized. For specimens 1 and 2 the failure is directly localized in the grip, whereas specimens 3, 4, and 5 fails localized close to the tabs and grips. These failures could be affected by bending. Based on the failure observations, the results from specimen 1 and 2 must be regarded as non-valid.

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Figure 13. Failure modes of GEV307-I0100 test specimens from the edge

Figure 14. Failure modes of GEV307-I0100 test specimens from the front

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Figure 15. Failure modes of specimens GEV-I0190 seen from the edge

Figure 16. Failure modes of specimens GEV-I0190 seen from the front

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Mission
To promote an innovative and environmentally sustainable technological development within the areas of energy, industrial technology and bioproduction through research, innovation and advisory services.

Vision
Riss research shall extend the boundaries for the understanding of natures processes and interactions right down to the molecular nanoscale. The results obtained shall set new trends for the development of sustainable technologies within the fields of energy, industrial technology and biotechnology. The efforts made shall benefit Danish society and lead to the development of new multi-billion industries.

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