MATERIAL TEKNIK (MS 2130)

Laboratorium Teknik Metalurgi Program Studi Teknik Mesin Institut Teknologi Bandung itbmsmet@melsa.net.id Mobile : 081-123-678-2

Dr. ir. Husaini Ardy

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Informasi Penting
Buku Acuan :
William D. Callister, Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering, John Wiley, 2003.

Ujian :
UTS-1 = 50% UTS-2 = 50%

Kehadiran > 80%

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

1. PENDAHULUAN
Historical Perspective Materials Science and Engineering Why study Material Science and Engineering Classification of Materials Modern Materials Need

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

1.1 Historical Perspective

Civilization has been divided based on the ability to produce and manipulate materials : Stone age, Bronze age, Iron age Everyday life is affected one to another by the materials Materials utilization is a selection process among the available materials, sometime is limited, or not available et all Materials limited design Relationship between structures and properties of materials

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

1.2 Materials Science and Eng.

Materials Science : investigating the relationship between structure properties Materials Engineering : Engineered the structure to obtain a set of properties Structure :
Atomic scale (atomic arrangement) Microstructure (viewed by microscope) Macrostructure (viewed by naked eye)

Property : the response of material to a specific stimulus. It is independent of geometry and size.
MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Property of Materials
Mechanical (stimulus : deformation):
Strength, Hardness,..

Electrical (stimulus : electric field) :

Conductivity, Dielectric constant

Thermal (stimulus : heat) :

Conductivity, heat capacity

Magnetic (stimulus : magnetic field) :

Magnetic strength

Optical (stimulus : light or electromagnetic wave) :

Refraction index

Deteriorative (stimulus : environment) :

Corrosion resistance

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

LINEAR RELATIONSHIP
PROCESSING

STRUCTURE

PROPERTIES

PERFORMANCE

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

WHY STUDY MS&E

Materials selections basis:
Operating conditions Performance during service Cost

Wide range of material available Compromise all of the aspects, lead to optimum material selection Evaluation of materials performance during service In some cases a new material has to be developed
MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Based on structure :
Metal Ceramic Polymer

Another Group :
Semiconductor Composite Biomaterials
MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Metals :
Large number of free electron Electrical and heat conductivity Not transparent Shiny polished surface High strength and deformable

Polymer :
Organic compounds based on carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and other nonmetallic elements Very large molecule structure Low density and flexible

Ceramics :
Consists of oxides, nitrides, and carbides Electric and heat insulator High temperature strength Brittle at room temperature

Composite :
Consists of two or more materials Obtain a good properties from each component Polymer matrix composite Metal matrix composite Ceramic matrix composite

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Semiconductor :
Properties between electric insulator and electric conductor Properties is highly affected by small amount of impurities

Advanced Materials :
Materials for high-tech applications Has a superior properties Very expensive

Biomaterials :
Implant to human body for replacement of diseases or damaged body parts Must not produce toxic substance Must be compatible to the body tissue
MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

2. STRUCTURE OF METALS AND CERAMICS

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Fundamental Concept
Atoms, Unit Cell, Grains, Bulk Material Crystalline Materials Non-Crystalline Materials (Amorphous)

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Metallic Crystal Structure

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Body Centered Cubic

Coordination number = 8 APF = vol atom in unit cell vol unit cell Atomic packing factor = 0.68 Number of atom per unit cell = 2 Unit cell size,

4R a= 3

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Face Centered Cubic

Coordination number = 12 APF = 0.74 Number of atom per unit cell = 4 Unit cell size, a = 2R 2

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Hexagonal Close-Packed
Number of atom per unit cell = 6 Ratio c/a = 1.633 (ideal) Coordination number = 12 Atomic packing factor = 0.74

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Theoretical density of metals :

Example : Copper, FCC structure, atomic radius = 1.28 A, atomic weight = 63.5 g/mol. n = 4, VC = (2 R 2)3 cm3

nA = VC N A
= density n = number of atom per unit cell (atom) A = atomic weight (gram/mol) Vc = unit cell volume (cm3) NA = Avogadro Number = 6.023 x 1023 atom/mol

nA 4 x 63.5 = VC N A 16 x 1.28 x108 x 2

= 8.89 gram

cm3

Literature data : = 8.94 gr/cm3

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Ceramics Structure
Composed of two elements or more More complex crystal structure than metals For ionic bonding : Metallic ion : cation Non-metallic ion : anion The crystal must be neutral Positive charge = negative charge

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Rock Salt structure :

-The coordination number = 6 -Cation-anion radius ratio = 0.414 - 0.732 -NaCl, MgO, MnS, LiF, FeO

Cesium Chloride Structure :

The coordination number = 8 Cation-anion radius ratio = 0.732 1.0 CsCl

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Zinc Blend structure :

-The coordination number = 4 -Cation-anion radius ratio = 0.225 - 0.414 -ZnS, ZnTe, SiC

AmXp structure :
-The coordination number = 8 -Cation-anion radius ratio = 0.732 1.0 -CaF2, UO2, PuO2, ThO2

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

AmBnXp structure

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PLANE (CUBIC)

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PLANES (HEXAGONAL)

i = - (h + k)
MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DIRECTION

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL
Atoms ==>> Unit Cell ==>> Crystal/Grain ==>> Bulk Material

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL (AMORPHOUS)

Crystalline : Systematic and regular arrangement of atoms

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

STRUCTURE OF POLYMER

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

TYPE OF POLYMER
Natural Polymer :
Wood, Rubber, Cotton, Wool, Silk, Leather

Synthetic Polymer :
PVC, PTFE, PP

Polymer :
is a macromolecules of hydrocarbon Repetition of the mer unit Example : ethylene (C2H4) can be synthesized to poly-ethylene (polymer)

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Chemistry of Polymer Molecules

Ethylene (C2H4):

Ethylene gas is synthesized (P, T) :

Futher reaction :

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Polyethylene

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Polytetraflourethylene

Polyvinylchloride

Polypropylene

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Molecular Weight
Large molecules consists of large number of mer units. Not all of the chain has the same molecular weight Results in the distribution of chain length or molecular weight Molecular weight shall be defined as : the average

molecular weight.

How to define the average molecular weight :

The number average molecular weight, Mn The weight average molecular weight, Mw

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

The Number Average Molecular Weight

Dividing the chain into a series of size range Determining the number fraction of chain within the size range

Mn =

x M
i

xi = fraction of the chain within the size range Mi = mean molecular weight of size range i

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

The weight average molecular weight

Weight fraction of molecules within a size range

Mw =

w M
i

wi = weight fraction of molecule within the size range Mi = mean molecular weight of size range i

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Degree of polymerization (n) :

Mn nn = m
nn = Mw m

m : mer molecular weight

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Molecular Shape

Straight chain

Twist and bend chain

r = end-to-end distance Twist, bend and kink chain - High flexibility

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Molecular Structure
Linear polymer :
Mer unit are joint together in a single chain PE, PVC, PMMC, PS, Nylon, Fluorocarbon

Branched polymer :
The side-branch chains are connected to the main chain

Cross-linked polymer :
Adjacent linear chains are join one to another at various position by strong covalent bond Vulcanized rubber

Network polymer :
Three dimensional network of polymer Epoxy, Phenol-formaldehyde

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers

Thermoplastic :
Soften and liquefy when heated, harden when cooled Reversible process in heating and cooling

Thermosetting :
Permanently hard when heated, will not soften/liquefy during subsequent heating Harder and stronger than thermoplastic Better dimensional stability Vulcanized rubber, Epoxy, Phenolic, some polyester resin

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Copolymer
Random copolymer :
Two different units are randomly dispersed along the chain

Alternating copolymer :
The two mer units alternate chain position

Block copolymer :
Identical mers are clustered in blocks along the chain

Graft copolymer :
Side branches are grafted to the main chain
MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Synthetic rubber : is an example of copolymer.

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Polymer Crystalinity
Polymer crystalinity : the regular and repetitive array of polymer molecules. Polymer molecules : partially crystalline, partially amorphous The crystalline polymers dispersed within the amorphous (up to 95% of crystallinity) Crystalline polymers : stronger and more heat resistance Amorphous : chain disorders or misalignment Crystallinity depends on :
Low cooling rate (need time for alignment) Chain configuration (simple chain is easier to crystallize)

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

TEM image Crystalline PE

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Chain-folded model

Fringe-micelle model

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Detail structure of spherulite

MS 2130 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy