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Classifier Feature Extraction Techniques for Face Recognition System under Variable Illumination Conditions

Sneha G Gondane 1, Dhivya M


*1

PG Student (sneha_cie@yahoo.com), *2 Research Scholar (dhivya.erts@gmail.com) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore-641047 Tamilnadu

Abstract. Recognition of object under uncontrolled illumination environment is imprecise and vague. A simple image preprocessing chain is taken for precept. Local binary pattern (LBP) is capable of reducing noise levels in background regions. Local ternary patterns (LTP) fragmenting less under noise in uniform regions. Gabor filter acts as a resounding filtering source for local spatial frequencies. Phase congruency is to extract the image in phase as well as in magnitude levels. The result is obtained by the KLDA based classifiers with combination of LBP and Gabor features. The above explained features are obtained from both the input and the data base image. In that the LBP and Gabor features are fused and the distance is calculated. If both the input and database images are same, the face is recognized; otherwise the face is not recognized. The simulation results exemplify the proposed technique for image with different lighting, expressions and structural defects. Keywords: Face recognition, lightning invariance, local binary patterns, local ternary pattern, phase congruency.

1 Introduction
FACE recognition has created immense opportunity in the field of science and technology to establish a well set platform among the basic standards in this technological world. Computer analysis does not recognize various techniques which can only extract and recognize its features. Face image recognition acquired in its surrounding environment with changes in lighting or pose remains a largely

unanswered dilemma. Most of these methods were initially developed with face images collected under relatively well-controlled conditions. In practice, they have complexity in dealing with the range of appearance varying from certain approaches that can commonly occur in unconstrained situation due to illumination levels, pose, facial expressions, aging of networks and partial occlusions. This paper focuses mainly on the issue of sturdiness to illumination variations. A face corroboration system capable of implementing images for a portable device should be able to verify a client at any time.

2 Existing System
Recognition system models the structural patterns of an imaging process under difficult lightning conditions. Patterns are being processed in various stages according to their level of intensity. Specifically three main contributions are described in previous works. First Efficient preprocessing chain needed before any feature extraction techniques is widely carried on. Local binary pattern (LBP) improves the face identification and gabor wavelets which is used to filter the noise levels. Improve sturdiness by adding Kernel principal component analysis (PCA) feature extraction during later stages of analysis. The result is obtained by the KPCA based classifiers. The above explained features are obtained from both the input and the data base image. If both the input and database images are exactly same, then the face is recognized otherwise the face is not recognized. The image with difficult lighting, same expressions can be identified. 2.1. Existing System Flow Diagram

Fig. 1. Flowchart of existing system.

2.1.1. Pre processing Pre processing is an important stage of face detection system. It is better to present a simple and efficient preprocessing chain which eliminates the structural effects of illumination while still preserving the necessary details that are needed for recognition. Preprocessing stage includes: Gamma correction, Difference of Gaussian filtering, Masking and Contrast Equalization.

Fig. 2. Various stages of preprocessing: input image; Gamma corrected image; image after DoG filtering; image after contrast normalization.

2.1.1.1 Gamma Correction Gamma Correction improves the structural formation of arrays which is under the region of darkness. Shading effects will not undergo any changes during its illumination stages. Data images are compressed in bright regions and improve the

quality level of images being processed. Gamma correction transforms the gray level into object level based on the intensity of light being reflected on the data images. 2.1.1.2 Difference of Gaussian (DOG) Filtering DOG will suppress the highest spatial frequencies based on the reduction level of both aliasing and noise signals. Decaying of the structural images causes simplification of internal progression of the filtering steps further more. High-pass filtering removes both useful and source information gathered during the structural progression. Level of analysis during simplification process will greatly influence the overall system performance. 2.1.1.3 Masking Masking is the track of achieving better imaging process in the facial regions (hair style, beard) that are felt to be unconditional or source variables which are needed to be masked should be applied at this point. Masking is the optional process during analysis. 2.1.1.4 Contrast Equalization The final stage of our preprocessing chain rescales the image intensities to standardize a robust measure of overall contrast or intensity variation. It is important to use a global estimator because the signal indication level typically contains extreme values produced by highlighters, small dark regions such as nostrils, garbage at the image borders, etc.

2.1.2. Local Binary Patterns LBP method provides very good results, both in terms of speed as well as discrimination performance. Because of the way the texture and shape of images is described, the method seems to be quite robust against face images with different facial expressions under different lightening conditions, image rotation and aging of

persons. The middle pixel value is used as a threshold frequency which compares with the eight neighboring channels of a pixel.

Fig. 3. Illustration of the basic LBP operator.

If a neighbor pixel has a higher gray value than the center pixel, then one is assigned to that pixel, else it gets a zero. 2.1.3 Gabor Features Gabor filter suits the certain level of frequencies which allows a particular band to pass and helps in local spatial frequency distribution. Images are optimally oriented in each part of the object with equal frequency and spatial domains. Gabor feature also encodes the face over broader range of scales. The Gabor feature is a frequency based solution technique under the region of sinusoidal plane wave and orientation phase.

2.1.4 Kernel Principle Component Analysis


Kernel principal component analysis is a combination of local binary patterns and Gabor feature through which the distance is calculated. Using a kernel, the original linear operations of PCA are done by reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space with a non-linear mapping.

3 Proposed System
Face recognition system has created advance level of technology in the field of medical science. Everyday new advancement from the previous stages is carried out for the welfare of the society. When compared to previous works, solution with phase congruency provides precise and accurate results. Existing system is the base for our proposed system. Various stages are being carried out based on the existing system.

Local binary patterns and local ternary patterns are being processed with the Gabor filters in order to reduce the noise level in unconditional regions. Gabor filter gives an optimal solution for structural analysis in spatial and frequency domains. Phase congruency is to extract the images in phase as well as in the magnitude levels. The kernel linear discriminant analysis is used to extract the feature using combination of local binary patterns and Gabor features through which distance is calculated .The input image and data base image compared and face is recognized. 3.1. Flowchart for feature extraction techniques

Fig. 4. Flow chart of feature extraction.

3.1.1 Local Ternary Pattern Local ternary patterns reduce the illumination effects. In this we itself choose a threshold value and compare with the neighbor pixels value. If the central value is greater than neighbor pixel value, then it will show as 1. If the central value is in between than neighbor pixel value, then it will show as 0. If the central value is lesser than neighbor pixel value, then it will show as 0.

Fig. 5. Illustration of the basic LTP operator.

3.1.2 Phase Congruency Features Gradient-based operators who search for their effective approaches look under the maximum intensity gradient. Intensity gradient will undergo some structural failures during detection and localize a large proportion of features within images. Phase congruency is used to identify and analyze the corners and edges from the structural images. Unlike the edge detectors, which identify the sharp changes from the database congruency model to detect points of order in the phase spectrum. Phase component is the most important part of phase congruency rather than its magnitude.

4 Simulation Results and Discussion:


The simulations are carried out in MATLAB (7.11.0.584). A detailed survey and analysis of previous works is carried out and the simulation parameters are chosen. The Input Image sequence and the Data base image sequence are listed in figure 6 (a) and 6(b) respectively. In table 1, the comparison results are given. It is evident that the proposed technique is less time consuming/time constraint. The classifier extraction technique requires nearly less than half the time consumed by the previous work. Table 1: Comparison Parameter Time Recognition Existing System 40.2015 sec Proposed System 16.1929 sec

Techniques

The image is The image with difficult lighting, recognized with same expressions can be identified different lightning, facial expressions, any Local binary patterns, Gobar spot or scratches.

features, kernel principle component analysis

Local patterns, congruency

ternary phase

Fig. 6 (a). Input images.

Fig. 6 (b). Data base images

Fig. 7. Face Recognition under blurred image.

Fig. 8. Face Recognition under darker lightning

In Fig 7,the input and data base image is recognize under difficult lightning conditions when the images are same. In Fig 8, the input and data base image is recognize when the input image is selected under dark lightning.The input image passes through various feature extraction tecniques , compare with data base image and recognize the image.

Fig. 9. Face recognition under different expressions.

Fig. 10. Face Recognition under structural defects.

Fig 9 In this figure the input and data base image is recognize when the input image with expressions under difficult illumination is selected. The input image passes through various feature extraction tecniques , compare with data base image and recognize the image.Fig 10:In this figure the input and data base image is recognize when the input image with scratches under difficult illumination is selected. The input image passes through various feature extraction tecniques , compare with data base image and recognize the image. Fig 11:In this figure if the input image is selected which is not present in data base image than after comparing input and data base image the image will not recognize.

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Fig. 11. Face Recognition out of data base.

5 Conclusion
In this paper a classifier based feature extraction technique is implemented for face recognition under uncontrolled illumination with different lightning conditions. The result is obtained by the KLDA based classifiers with combination of LBP and Gabor features. Local ternary patterns reduce noise level since using the own threshold value makes the feature to extract and recognize the face, precisely. Phase congruency can map 0 to 360 degrees to 0 to 255 gray values, which help to extract the minute features and is applicable in phase and time domains. Time consumption is lesser in proposed method compared to the previous methods. From the simulated image results the efficacy of the classifier technique is hence shown.

References
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