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ABSTRACT Ultra WideBand (UWB) is a potential key technology for the development of future short-range indoor radio communication systems providing very high hit rates services, low power consumption and location capabilities. In this paper we provide a semi-analytic approach to evaluate the system outage probability for a master-slave network based on UWB direct sequence code division multiple access scheme. The proposed approach for system analysis is quite flexible and allows to easily include realistic path loss models, power control and multiple access interference. The technique has been validated by comparing the semi-analytic data with those from classical Monte Carlo simulation and obtaining results in v e q good agreement. The UWB coverage-capacity tradeoff is also investigated. I. INTRODUCTION Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology is loosely defined as any wireless transmission scheme with bandwidth occupancy of more than 25% of the center frequency, or more than 1.5 GHz [I]. UWB has been identified as a potential key technology to enable the development of dynamic networks for future short-range indoor radio communication systems providing very high bit rates services, low power consumption and location capabilities. UWB signals are generated using suh-nanosecond pulses spreading energy over very large frequency hand. For this reason UWB spectrum cannot he allocated exclusively and UWB hand have to overlap with many other narrowband systems. Thus to guarantee existing systems from UWB emissions the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and also the European Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI) have practically restricted the UWB operating hands in the 3.1-10.6 GHz frequency range and regulated UWB power emission defining frequency-power masks for each UWB applicatioddevice [2]. Depending on the spectral characteristics of the considered UWB signals, the frequency-power mask limits the maximum UWB terminal transmission power and this should be accounted for in the calculation of the UWB system capacity. In general the evaluation of UWB system capacity is an important research topic and some results based on classical techniques of the information theory have been presented in [3]-[5] for the pulse position modulation UWB operating over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Differently from [3]-[5], in this paper we provide a semianalytic approach to evaluate the outage probability and then
the network capacity intended as the maximum number of users in the system that can he served with a fixed outage level. An UWB master-slave network based on UWB Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) is considered. The outage probability is first obtained in a closed form equation including unknown random parameters that in general depend on the network geometry and on path-loss. The statistics of the random parameters are then obtained by very fast simulation procedure and are used in the theoretical calculation of the outage probability, The proposed semi-analytical approach is very flexible and allows to easily include arbitrary network geometries, realistic path loss models, power control and multiple access interference from other UWB devices connected to the other masters in the area. This technique considerably extends the approach in [6] which is only applicable to hexagonal and regularly spaced cells. In indoor environment the assumption of regular hexagonal geometry is not applicable since masters can he arbitrarily located over the service area. In this paper only the upstream communication direction with ideal power control is considered. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 11, the UWB system architecture and reference scenario are described and a closed form expression for the outage probability is obtained. In Section 111, theoretical results are obtained and validated by comparing them with Monte Carlo simulated results. Besides UWB coverage-capacity analysis is introduced. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section IV. This work was developed within the IST ULTRAWAVES European research project.
11. UWB OUTAGE PROBABILITY A master-slave UWB system architecture is considered and it is illustrated in Fig.1. The UWB slaves, all transmitting at the same hit rate, are located over a rectangular service area in accordance to a uniform distribution. The UWB network includes N,,, masters regularly spaced on a rectangular grid (see Fig.1). The extension of the proposed approach to irregular geometries is straightforward. Time division duplex transmissions are considered and it is further assumed that masters and slaves are synchronized so to avoid interference between upstream and downstream transmissions. Finally ideal power control is considered.
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L(U,,+RM) is the path loss between the m-th interfering user and the considered reference master (RM). Since we assume that the m-th interfering user is always connected to the master with the lowest loss from ( S ) , g,,,s 1. Using (3) and (4) the outage probability can be rewritten as:
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where C/I is the signal to thermal noise plus interference ratio as measured at the reference master receiver and po is the target signal to noise ratio which is commonly selected to account for the degradations due to fast fading effects. The Cil is: CC (2)
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I I,,,, +I=., + 7 where C is the received power level, I;", is the internal interference due to users connected to the reference UWB master, I,, is the interference due to UWB slaves connected to other masters and 7 is the thermal noise power which can also include the interference power due to narrowband systems with bands overlapping the UWB band. Assuming that slaves served by the reference master are (quasi)synchronized, lint is:
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Assuming that the random variables I,,, and ler, (1) are in statistically independent, we obtain: ~ ( ~ ) = ~ ~ Po .7 l + ~ ~ ~ f i ~ " , ( (9) ~ ) ~ ~ i ~ ~ , ( ~ C where fi,,,,(x) and hpr,(x) the p.d.fs of the normalized are internal and external interference random variables defined as i,,,, =poi,,7, and ia,=poi,, I C ,respectively. ic Due to the statistical independence of internal and external interferinr users we have:
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where a is the fraction of interfering power due to (possible) loss of orthogonality due to multipath, among the N+l UWB slaves served by the same reference master. By definition 0 5 a 5 1 and in the following we consider the worst case interference assuming a = I . It is not difficult to extend the n=I,2,..J in following formulation to the a<l case. The ( 3 ) are binary random variables accounting for the user activity e.g. P r ( p l ) = p and P r { r O ) = q= 1 -p a n d p is the activity factor. The external interference I,, can be upper bounded as:
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where is the p.d.f. of the external interference when m active interfering users are present in the area. Substituting (10) and (11) in (9) after some algebra we obtain:
Using (12) the outage probability in (7) is: where M is the number of interfering users in the area served by the reference master and N,,,,=N+M+l is total number of UWB slaves in the system. The m=1,2,..., is the loss ratio from the interferer to M reference master and it can be calculated as: not the g,,,, the
where
where L(U,,,+SM) is the path loss between the m-th interfering terminal and its serving master (SM);
From (14) the coefficients ,Brim are ,Bnm 1 for every n, rn and < due to their dependence on the statistics of g,, they account for the reduction in the outage probability due to propagation and the network geometry. To calculate , , the &
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conditional p.d.fs of the external interference I,, are required. Except in very few cases, due to the complexity of the path loss formulation describing the propagation characteristics of a realistic indoor environment, it can be very difficult to evaluate in closed fonn the statistics of the random variables appearing in (8). For this reason we resort to a fast snapshot based Monte Carlo simulation whose main goal is to evaluate the histograms of the random variables appearing in the outage probability in (14). Starting from the simulated histograms a particle approximations of the p.d.fs are then derived and used in (14) to calculate fin",, e.g. we approximate:
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where q,,, the frequencies of the random variables are obtained after normalization of the
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Figure 2 - System outage probability vs number of slaves in the area; different margin m,, N,,,=lS; reference master in the center of the service area. The curves in Fig.2 have been obtained with UWB slaves activity factorp =I and referring to the master in the center of the service area. The p,,, in (14) are calculated only once and are used in (13) to evaluate the outage probability for different values of the activity factor p . From (14) Pnrn rapidly tends to unity as n and/or m increase. In general it was observed that a good approximation of the Po,,, (13) in can be obtained assuming /?,,.,=I when 1 -fin),, <O.I. The Monte Carlo results (dots) in Fig.2 are in very good agreement with theoretical results for each margin mg. As expected the increase of m, allows to improve the system capacity The largest deviation between simulated and theoretical results shown in Fig.2 is obtained for very low values of the outage probability and are mainly due to instabilities in the Monte Carlo simulation. In Fig.3 we plot the outage probability as a function of the active UWB slaves in the area for different values of N,,. For validation purposes also Monte Carlo results have been plotted (dots). As expected the increase of the number o f masters in the area leads to a significant increase in the system capacity at the expense of an increased cost and complexity of the UWB network. In order to prove the strong dependence of the outage probability by the position of the AP in the area in Fig.4 we plot the outage probability calculated for different positions of the reference master indicated in Fig. I as 1 , 2 and 8 (central master). Also Monte Carlo results have been indicated in Fig.4. As expected the most interfered master e.g. the master with the lowest capacity is located in the center of the service area. The masters located in the borders proximity experience a reduced interference. In general, the network should he designed starting from some "average capacity" performance figure where the average should be obtained considering the different positions of the serving masters in the area. From Fig.4, the design based on the central reference master, which is the mnst interfered, could he penalizing while the design based on the masters located in the proximity of the borders could be too optimistic.
corresponding Monte Carlo histograms with bins' centers nIn,. particle approximation in (IS) is very useful The allowing to transform integrals into sums. The accuracy of the approximation is related to the selection of nln# in that general are not uniformly spaced. In order to simplify calculations a unique set for is considered disregarding m.
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111. RESULTS To obtain the results reported in this Section the following one slope propagation model is considered L(di = mm{MCL, L,d" + o s w ] . (dB) (16) where MCL indicates the minimum coupling loss, y is the path loss exponent, w is a normal random Gaussian variable with zero mean and unit variance and q is the standard deviation of the shadowing ( 0 5 4 dB is considered). In the free space propagation case y=2 and us=O dB. The MCL in (16) is calculated assuming free space propagation for distance d d o e.g. MCL+rrdd k2 where h is the wavelength associated to the UWB center frequency; d e l m was considered. The constant Lo in (16) is evaluated in order to ensure continuity in the path loss model at d = do. Finally, the bins' centers of the histograms used for the particle [dB], with approximation .in (15) were nl =ITo+IA flo=-120dBmandA=1 dB, withI=O, 1,..., 130.
Validation o ihe proposed approach f The proposed calculation procedure was validated with the results obtained from standard Monte Carlo snapshot simulation. In Fig.2 we plot the outage probability as a function of the overall number e.g. NXlmes, active UWB of slaves in the service area. Different values of the margin m,=C/rlpo have been considered.
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Figure 3 - System outage probability as function of the number of UWB slaves in the area; different values ofN,,,. In F i g 3 we plot the outage probability referred to the central master for different values of the path loss exponent, y. In the ideal power control conditions, capacity increases with the path loss exponent and this is due to the reduction of the external interference power due to other slaves not connected to the reference master.
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Figure 5 - System outage probability as function of the number of UWB slaves in the area for different values of the path loss exponent y.
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Figure 6 - UWB System capacity vs the received power level C; different values of system outage probability and path loss exponents; #AP=8continuous lines, #Ap=Idashed lines. Figure 4 - System outage probability as function of the number of UWB slaves in the area for three different APs in the area. Since the UWB transmission power is limited by the FCC masks, the minimum value of C, indicated with C,,,, above which capacity saturates is an important parameter to evaluate the coverage area corresponding to the maximum capacity. In fact, indicating with Pr the maximum UWB transmitter power, C,,&P, the minimum allowable path loss L,,, is:
UWB Coverage-Capacity analysis In Fig.6 we plot the capacity of the UWB system as a function of the received signal power threshold C for two values of the outage probability. Data in Fig.6 refer to the central master (#AP=8) and to the peripheral master (#AP=l). L,," = p, (17) Furthermore we assumed pp-15 dB and the UWB system C,," bandwidth, Wgfi,~rg= 3 GHz, noise figure, F=5 dB Given the propagation model, L,,n can be related to the corresponding lo a hit rate of 50 Mb/s and the reference coverage radius of the selected AP. As expected, the &/No =3 dB and 7 = -74 dBm. In every case o =O dB. s increase in the outage probability requirements can lead to a From Fig.6 it can be observed that as C increases the system lower value for C,,, and then to an increase in the AP capacity is independent of C. This is confirmed in (7) that coverage radius R. In Table 1 we indicate the coverage becomes practically independent of C when m, is very large radius of the A for different system outage probability P (infinite m the limit). requirements in the simple case of free space propagation with os=O dB. Data refer to the central master and
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PF -5.6 dBm. The calculation of R allows to evaluate the percentage of covered service area. If no coverage holes are present the UWB system is optimally designed and we obtain the maximum capacity. Obviously in the presence of coverage holes we need to reduce the threshold level C below C,,, thus leading to an increase of the maximum tolerable path loss and to a corresponding reduction in the overall system capacity. The increase in the number of the ,,, serving masters in the area may help in reducing the C requirements. The value of PF -5.6 dBm used to obtain the data in Table 1 is indicated in the graph plotted in Fig.7 where the maximum UWB transmission power is plotted as a function of the UWB signal center frequency.
Table 1 -Coverage radius of the central AP for different
calculation procedure allows to easily include arbitrary network geometries, realistic path loss models, power control and multiple access interference. The effectiveness of the proposed technique was tested by comparing the results with those obtained through classical Monte Carlo simulation. A very good agreement was evidenced. The UWB system coverage-capacity analysis was discussed in terms of the minimum threshold level C,,,, required to obtain the system capacity and the maximum allowable path loss (e.g. coverage) accounting for the FCC limitations on the UWB transmission power.
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Data in Fig.7 were obtained through computer calculation by varying the position of the UWB signal center frequency. For each center frequency the power spectral density of the UWB signal was recalculated and positioned inside the FCC frequency-power mask in order to evaluate the maximum transmission power obtainable without trespassing the mask limits. The data in Fig.7 refer to the case of a bipolar pulse amplitude modulated UWB signal with baseband Gaussian pulses [7]. Those data also accounts for the frequency dependent distortion effects due to the antenna on the transmitted UWB signal IS].
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REFERENCES [I] J. Foerster, E. Green, S, Somayazulu, D. Leeper (INTEL Architecture Labs), Ultra-Wideband Technology for Short or Medium-Range Wireless Communications, Intel Technology Journal Znd Quarter, 2001. [2] Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Revision of Part 15 of the Commissions Rules Regarding UltraWideband Transmission Systems, First Report & Order, ET Docket 98-153, FCC 0 2 4 8 ; Adopted: February 14, 2002; Released April 22, 2002. [3] M. Z. Win and R.A. Scholtz, Impulse radio: How it works, lEEE Commun. Lett.,Vol. 2, 1998. [4] L. Zao, A. M. Haimovich, Capacity of M - q PPM Ultrawideband Communications over AWGN Channel, IEEE ICC 2001,pp.1191-1195. [5] 0. Wintzell, D. K. Zigangirov et al. On the Capacity of a Pulse-Position-Hopped CDMA System, lEEE Trans, on Information Theory, Vol. 47, No. 6, September 2001. [6] K. S. Gilhousen, 1. M. Jacobs et al. On the Capacity of a Cellular CDMA System, IEEE Trans. on Veichular Technology, Vol. 40, No.2, May 1991, pp.303-312. [7] M. Hamalainen, V. Hovinen et al. On the UWB coexistence with GSMYOO, UMTSMiCDMA and GPS, IEEE Journal on Selected areas in Communications, V01.20, No.9, December2002, pp.1712-1721. [SI R. Giuliano, F. Mazzenga, F. Vatalaro: On the Interference between UMTS and UWB Systems, IEEE UWB Systems and Technologies (UWBST03), Sept. 2003, Virginia (US).
Figure 7 - Maximum UWB transmission power P7 as a function of the UWB center frequency,&.
IV. CONCLUSIONS A semi-analytical approach for the calculation of UWB system outage probability has been presented. The
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