loud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote servers to maintain data and applications.

Cloud computing allows consumers and businesses to use applications without inst allation and access their personal files at any computer with internet access. This technology allows for much more efficient computing by centralizing storage , memory, processing and bandwidth. A simple example of cloud computing is Yahoo email, Gmail, or Hotmail etc. You d ont need a software or a server to use them. All a consumer would need is just an internet connection a nd you can start sending emails. The server and email management software is all on the cloud ( internet) and is totally managed by the cloud service provider Yahoo , Google etc. The consumer gets to use the software alone and enjoy the benefits. The analogy is , 'If you need milk , would you buy a cow ?' All the users or con sumers need is to get the benefits of using the software or hardware of the comp uter like sending emails etc. Just to get this benefit (milk) why should a consu mer buy a (cow) software /hardware ? Cloud computing is broken down into three segments: "application" "storage" and "connectivity." Each segment serves a different purpose and offers different products for busin esses and individuals around the world. In June 2011, a study conducted by VersionOne found that 91% of senior IT professionals actua lly don't know what cloud computing

NORMALIZATION PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY TRIGGERS ER MODEL Definition: An entity-relationship (ER) diagram is a specialized graphic that il lustrates the relationships between entities in a database. ER diagrams often use symbols to represent three different types of information. Boxes are commonly used to represent entities. Diamonds are normally used to represent relationships and ovals are used to represent attributes. Also Known As: ER Diagram, E-R Diagram, entity-relationship model Examples: Consider the example of a database that contains information on the residents of a city. The ER digram shown in the image above contains two entities -- people and cities. There is a single "L ives In" relationship. In our example, due to space constraints, there is only one attribute associated with each entity. People have names and cities have populations. In a real-world example, each one of these would likely have many different att ributes. What is Stored Procedure? A stored procedure is a named group of SQL statements that have been previously

created and stored in the server database What is the difference between a HAVING CLAUSE and a WHERE CLAUSE? Specifies a search condition for a group or an aggregate. HAVING can be used onl y with the SELECT statement. HAVING is typically used in a GROUP BY clause. When GROUP BY is not u sed, HAVING behaves like a WHERE clause. Having Clause is basically used only with the GROUP BY function in a query. WHERE Clause is applied to each row before they are part of the GROUP BY function in a query. What is a "trigger"? A trigger is a SQL procedure that initiates an action when an event (INSERT, DEL ETE or UPDATE) occurs. A trigger is executed every time a data-modification operation occurs (i.e., ins ert, update or delete). Triggers are executed automatically on occurance of one of the data-modification operations. A trigger is a database object directly associated with a particular table. It f ires whenever a specific statement/type of statement is issued against that table. The types of statements are insert,update,delete a nd query statements. Basically, trigger is a set of SQL statements A trigger is a solution to the restrictions o f a constraint. For instance: 1.A database column cannot carry PSEUDO columns as criteria where a trigger can. 2. A database constraint cannot refer old and new values for a row where a trigg er can. Why can a "group by" or "order by" clause be expensive to process? Processing of "group by" or "order by" clause often requires creation of Tempora ry tables to process the results of the query. Which depending of the result set can be very expensive. VIEWS