Unit 5 Nervous and Endocrine Systems Exam Study Guide (Exam Mon, May 14th, 2012) Note: this

s in only a general guideline for the materials that will be on the test. Be sure to study all materials from this unit including quizzes, handouts, notes, and worksheets. They are all fair game for the exam. Essential question: How do nervous tissue, the spinal cord, and the brain function in a healthy individual? What are some disorders associated with the nervous system? Vocabulary central nervous system somatic nervous system peripheral nervous system autonomic nervous system sensory neurons Sympathetic nervous system motor neurons Parasympathetic nervous interneurons system cell body neurotransmitter dendrite acetylcholine axon dopamine Nodes of Ranvier norepinephrine axon terminals serotonin synapse myelin Action potential All or none principle Sodium-potassium channels Repolarization Resting potential Hyperpolarization Threshold potential Semi-permeable membrane reflex arc afferent neurons Efferent neurons brain stem pons medulla oblongata cerebellum Brain death Coma PVS ALD Lorenzos Oil Myelin Long-chain fatty acids Key Concepts How is the nervous system organized?

What is the structure of a neuron? What is the function of neurotransmitters in neuron function? What is the function of certain neurotransmitters? How do neurons function? What are the steps in an action potential? What is the function of the spinal cord?

cerebrum cerebrospinal fluid cerebral cortex homunculus

What is a reflex arc? What is the structure and function of each part of the brain? How can you map the homunculus and what information can it tell us? Why is the concept of PVS so controversial? What are the differences between brain death, coma, and PVS? What is ALD and how is it passed from parent to child? What are the symptoms of ALD? Who is susceptible to ALD? What is Lorenzos Oil?

Essential question: How does the endocrine system function in helping us maintain homeostasis? Vocabulary Gland Hormone Hormone receptors Hypothalamus Pineal Pituitary Insulin Glucagon Growth Hormone Melatonin Calcitonin Steroid Parathyroid Thyroid Ovaries Testes Adrenal Pancreas Parathyroid Hormone, Aldosterone Cortisol Epinephrine (adrenaline) Key Concepts What are the organs of the endocrine system, where are they located, and what function does each gland perform? How do hormones function in the endocrine system? What are the functions and origins of certain hormones? What are the target cells of each of these hormones? How do steroid vs. nonsteroid hormones act on their

Nonsteroid Hormone-receptor complex Overall function Types of cells involved (both sending and receiving) Time and route taken by messenger How long the effects last Goiter Graves Disease Diabetes (Type 1 and Type 2)

target cells? What are the differences in the effects of steroid vs. nonsteroid hormones? How are the endocrine and nervous systems different, and how are they similar?

What are some disorders of the endocrine system and what causes them?

Essential question: How do the eyes and its accessory structures function in a normal human being? What are some disorders of the eye and how can they be corrected? Vocabulary Key Concepts Cornea Optic nerve What is the structure of the human eye and what is the Iris Blind spot function of each part? Pupil Aqueous humor Lens Vitreous humor Be able to identify the different parts of the human Retina Rods eye. Sclera Cones Choroid Eyelashes Lacrimal gland What are some accessory structures of the eye? Eyelid Lacrimal canals Eyebrows (palpebrae) Nasolacrimal duct Visual acuity How is visual acuity measured? Snellen eye chart What do the numbers mean in a visual acuity measurement? Myopia Converging lens What are some common vision disorders and how are Hyperopia Glaucoma they corrected? Astigmatism Cataracts How does light enter the eye, and how is vision Diverging lens corrected, in a nearsighted and farsighted person? Essential question: How does the normal human ear function in taking in sound information and maintaining equilibrium? Vocabulary Pinna Cochlea External auditory meatus Semicircular canals Tympanic membrane Vestibule Malleus Vestibular nerve Incus Cochlear nerve Stapes Eustachian tube Compression Rarefaction Decibels Logarithmic scale Key Concepts What is the structure of the human ear and what is the function of each part? How does the ear function in sensing sound? How does the ear function in maintaining equilibrium? What is the origin of all sound? How does sound travel through matter? How is sound intensity measured?