You are on page 1of 26

Chapter 4

Reproduction

Sexual & Asexual Reproduction


Reproduction : production of a new generation of individuals (offsprings) from pre-existing ones (parents) Importance : ensure continuity Two types :
1. Asexual 2. Sexual

Sexual & Asexual Reproduction (contd)


Asexual
Formed from one parent Genetically identical to each other and to the parent Five major types:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Binary fission Budding Spore formation Vegetative reproduction Rejuvenation

Binary fission
Unicellular organisms divides into two parts Example : amoeba, paramecium

Budding
Parents produces an outgrowth of bud, detached to become new individual Examples : yeast, Hydra

Spore formation
Seen in bacteria, fungi Formed in spore-bearing structure - sporangium Each spore become new individual

Rejuvenation
Replacement of parts that are lost due to injury Results to two or more individual

Vegetative reproduction
Part of a plant detached and grows into new plants examples of parts : roots, stem, leaf, bud

Sexual & Asexual Reproduction (contd)


Sexual
By fusion of specialised sex cells (gametes) Male gamete (sperm) fuses with female gamete (ovum/egg) during fertilisation
form zygote

2 types of fertilisation
Internal fertilisation External fertilisation

Sexual & Asexual Reproduction


Similarities Involves the production of a new generation of individuals of the same species
Asexual One No Identical with parents Large amount of offspring Rapid Differences Number of parents involved Gametes involved Genetic make-up of offspring Offspring Speed of reproduction Sexual Two Two; male and female Different, show genetic variation Fewer offspring Less rapid

THE MALE & FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Male Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System (contd)


Organ Testis Scrotum Penis Function Produce sperms

Holds the testes outside the body Protects the testes


Places sperms in the vagina during sexual intercourse

Urethra
Sperm ducts Seminal vesicle Prostate gland

Carries sperm and urine out of the body


Carry sperms from the testes to the urethra Produces fluid that provides nutrients to the sperms Provide fluid which neutralises the acidity of urine and female vagina

Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System (contd)


Organ Ovary Uterus (or womb) Fallopian tube Vagina Cervix Function Produce ovum (eggs) and female hormones Place where the embryo develop Carries ovum from the ovary to the uterus Fertilisations happens here

Place where sperm are deposited Birth canal


Secrets mucus which enhances sperm movement to the uterus

Male & Female Gametes


Male gametes
Sperm Consists of a head, a middle piece and a long tail Role : swim towards the female gamete (ovum)

Male & Female Gametes (contd)


Female gametes
Ovum Larger than sperm Spherical shaped Only one ovum is produced every menstrual cycle

Male & Female Gametes (contd)


Aspect Male gamete Female gamete Larger Notes Size of ovum = 0.1 mm Size of sperm = 0.0025 mm (at the widest region of the head) A healthy male produce about 300 millions sperm per day Only an ovum is produced every menstrual cycle Whip-like movement of the tail propels the sperm towards the ovum

Size

Very small

Number

Large numbers Very few

Mobility

Motile

Non-motile

Changes in the male and female during puberty


Male
Moustache and beard Pubic and armpit hair Produce semen & Release semen Show interest in females Larger bones and muscles Voice become hoarse

Female
Produce ovum Enlargement of breasts and buttocks Show interest in males Begins to menstruate Accumulation of fats under the skin

The Menstrual Cycle


Menstrual cycle
Repeated cycle of event Occur every 28 days from puberty (when ovum production begins) to menopause (when ovum production stops) Discharge of dead ovum, blood and uterus wall

The Menstrual Cycle


Personal hygiene during menstruation
Wear a clean sanitary pad Change the sanitary pad frequently Bathe as usual to maintain body cleanliness Wrap used sanitary with a paper or plastics

FERTILISATION AND PREGNANCY

Fertilisation and Pregnancy


Fertilisation sperms meet ovum in the fallopian tube
Will form zygote, the move through the Fallopian tube

Fertilisation and Pregnancy


Upon reach the uterus, it will become embryo Implantation the embryo sticking to the uterus wall

Fertilisation and Pregnancy

Placenta place where exchange of substances occur Umbilical cord connects embryo to the placenta

Fertilisation and Pregnancy


At placenta
Food and oxygen move from mother to the baby Waste products like carbon dioxide and urea is eliminated

You might also like