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ly the central figure in the humanistic orientation. Rogers theory of personalityment is based upon

nineteen propositions but the central focus is on the conceptence. Rogers described the self as a social product, developing out of

interpersonalg Tendency' person-centered theory emphasized the concept of "selfactualization." Thisent and not

only hold its own,de that evaluates experience for its growth potential. It draws people toward nal positive regardlizes his potentials. And

since these standards were created withoutson says or does. Rogers believes that unconditional positive regard isreal self cribed

outcomes if they experience only "unconditional positive regard" and nosmic evaluation and there would be congruence between

self erience, with full psychological adjustment as a result. This ideal humanowing openness to experience they move away from defensiveness and

feelcreasingly existential lifestyle living each moment fully not distortingcept to emanate from the experience. This results in

excitement, daring,aptability, tolerance, spontaneity, and a lack of rigidity and suggests a foundation of trust. "To open one's spirit to what

is going on now, and discover inthat present process whatever structure it appears to have"iii.Increasin g organismic trust they trust their own

judgment and their ability tochoose behaviour that is appropriate for each moment. They do not rely onexisting codes and social norms

but trust that as they are open to experiences theywill be able to trust their own sense of right and wrong.iv.Freedo m of choice not being

shackled by the restrictions that influence anincongruent individual, they are able to make a wider range of choices morefluently.

They believe that they play a role in determining their own behaviour and so feel responsible for their own behaviour.v.Creati vity it follows

that they will feel more free to be creative. They will also be more creative in the way they adapt to their own circumstances without feelinga need to

conform.vi.Reliab ility and constructiveness they can be trusted to act constructively. Anindividual who is open to all their needs will

be able to maintain a balance between them. Even aggressive needs will be matched and balanced by intrinsicgoodness in congruent

individuals.vii.A rich full life he describes the life of the fully functioning individual as rich,full and exciting and suggests that

they experience joy and pain, love andheartbreak, fear and courage more intensely.

Rogers Self theory

Relativity to Language Learning

As Carl Rogerss theory is humanistic in its essence, it has wide ranging

implications inlanguage learning. When children start going to school at the age of four or five, they are being taught to write their names

firstly. This is the beginning of the development of their self. They feel important and good when the teacher calls them by their names. It givesthem a sense

of identity and uniqueness; they recognize themselves as individuals and beings with a distinct identity and thus it consequently

leads to the development of a positive selfimage.Similarly, on advanced stages if the learners are being taught to write essays

and paragraphs on Myself, it helps in building their positive selfregard. They develop asense of high self-esteem and worth for themselves which

helps them in becoming fullyfunctioning individuals who can develop their personality and selves to the fullest possible extent. Writing

about ones own self also enhances ones creative abilities and promotes a sense of openness towards different life experiences. Also, on an

advancedstage learners could be encouraged to pen down their feelings and ideas about life or certain experiences which they find difficult

to express and cope with. In this way theywould be able to overcome their fears and complexes and to give an outlet to their 4

troubled emotions. It would help them to redefine and strengthen their self and todevelop it fully.Applying Rogers concept

of unconditional positive regard, language can be utilized toteach expressions of courtesy and goodwill to the learners. When they will be

taught touse such expressions as thank you, sorry, good to see you, nice meeting you etc inclassroom situations they will automatically

learn to give unconditional positive regard inreal life situations as well. Using Communicative Approach to language teaching

thestudents could be asked to greet people whom they are meeting for the first time, to helpsome stranger find his way around town

etc.Moreover through contact assignments the learners could be sent out of the classroomwith a stated purpose to talk to people in

the target language. In a train station or at anairport, for example, they can interview tourists. Such types of activities would involve ahigher

degree of communication with strangers and people of all kind which wouldeventually foster a spirit of giving unconditional

positive regard in the learners. Theywould learn to offer help and be good and kind to people without putting conditions onthem. This, in turn, would also

make them worthy in their own eyes as well.Feelings of brotherhood, unity and harmony can be promoted within a society by makingthe language learners

work in pairs or groups. Tango seating, information gap, jigsawactivities, role-plays and simulations are some of the classroom

techniques which whenused for language teaching automatically teach learners to accept each others differencesand give positive conditional regard

for effective learning. The concepts of my, weand us should be taught to them using these classrooms tasks.Using Rogers theory of

personality development in language learning a better society can be formed whose members have self-respect, sense of worth and dignity and also

respect,courtesy and tolerance for others.

Islamic Perspective of Rogers Theory of Personality Development

In Islamic perspective, a very comprehensive concept of self is found. Quran makes thedistinction between soul (ruuh) and self

(nafs). The "soul", most often referred to in theQur'an as ruh (17:85)(78:38), is that force within each human being which is the essenceof

existence without which the physical body is rendered lifeless, an essence thattranscends physicality and mortality.5

The "self" or nafs is sometimes reference to each individual living human being (3:185);the individual (2:286); the soul (89:27);

but most often to the center of human tendencies,emotio ns and desires (79:40) (91:710)Then Allah (S.W.A) further classifies Self

(Nafs); He defines seven types of selves on the basis of their qualities.

. Nafs.e.Ammara is the commanding self

Nafs.e.Lawwama is the regretful self

Nafs.e.Mulhema is the inspired self

Nafs.e. Mutmeinna is the contented self

Nafs.e.Radiya is the pleased self

Nafs.e.Mardiya is the self pleasing to Allah

Nafs.e.Kamila is the Pure self As far as Rogers

concept of self development is concerned, Tazkiya-tun-Nafs (cleansingof the self), an essential feature in human development in Islam refers to the

purificationof the "self" from all negative and evil tendencies that may arise from weaknesses inhuman inclination towards those

negative things which could appeal to our desires andlead us to act inappropriately.In contrast to Rogers notion of self which is centered

on the social interaction only, inIslam the spiritual dimension of the self is also vivified by giving attention andexpression to

those positive qualities that emanate from the best inner promptings of the nafs and the qalb (heart)

. Spirituality thus entails the developing of a heightened level of Allahconsciousness coupled with an increased dedication to the

cultivation of a spirit of righteousness. It is a process of ascending levels of awareness by organizing one's journey through life in

intimate communion with the Divine, ever aware that "from Himwe come and unto Him is our ultimate return"

and realizing that manifesting ihsaan /(goodness) throughout our lives is eventually what matters most.Regarding the unconditional

positive regard of Rogers theory Islam gives us theconcepts of Goodness / ( ihsaan ) that emanates from husn-niyyah

/ (sincere intention), husn-zann / (positive consideration), husn-al-khuluq / (good character) and 'amal-us- salih

/ (righteous deeds). A person who is spiritually developed is expected to harbor 6 good intentions, a clean heart and

positive attitude, an endearing personality while alwaysdisplaying exemplary behavior; characteristics of perhaps the ideal social being.In

conclusion, it can be said that Rogers theory of personality development was asignificantly valuable addition to the theories of learning. It is

humanistic in its essenceand thus can be related to Islamic philosophy as well. It set the ground for the upcomingtheorists to develop the learning theory

from this perspective.7

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Carl Rogers Self Theory of Personality Development

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