Comprehensive Final

1. City upon a Hill Is the metaphor for utopian society that could serve as a model for the rest of the world. Puritan founders of Massachusetts believed they were founding a holy common wealth to show England the proper way handle religion and government. They used this term to represent what they were trying to accomplish with the Congregational Church of MA. However, like all societies, they had their own turmoil. The line between church and state was blurred and church was government for the most part. 2. Columbian Exchange Trade, good services and people, between old and New World, contributed to spread of disease, which decimated Native American population and destroying their culture, and way of life, along with most of their population. 3. Beringia The content/ barrier straight that appeared that connected Asia to North America during the Ice Age. Because of this land mass, the people, who we now call Native Americans, were able to migrate over and populate North and South America over time. They were the first major group of people who is believed to have first settled here. 4. bundling Courtship ritual where a man is sown in to a sack then onto a bed so he can sleep with his wife before marriage. This ridiculous tradition shows a number of things about the time. First, the religious piousness was necessary at all times. In addition, this tradition was used for many couples that had never even met before, so it showed the continuation of arranged marriages.

The fact that women to be wed and were involved in these bundlings still had premarital sex and the babies to prove it, just shows how ridiculous and catastrophe the whole thing is. 5. Chattel Slavery Was the idea that slaves were not human or had any natural / god given rights but were simply property. This argument was used in the Dred Scott case claim that slaves are simply property and he was not a citizen there fore had no rights (later repealed by the 13 and 14 amendments). The idea drastically changed the definition and face of slavery for many decades. 6. Sons of Liberty A group of people led by Sam Adams to protest British actions. They were directing the colonies down the Road to Revolution. One of the methods they would use is a group would get together in a tavern, and swill the mob by getting them drunk and angry with the British and go march out against local British Authority. They are infamous for the Boston Tea Party. 7. Mercy Otis Warren Part of the Daughters of Liberty, similar female counterpart to the Sons of Liberty but instead of violent out breaks the Sons were known for, they would boycott British goods and hold sit-ins. 8. The Great Compromise Was a compromise between the New Jersey plan (small state plan representatives equal in all states, Senate) and the Virginia Plan (large state plan representatives based on population, House) also known as the Connecticut Compromise, an agreement reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 that defined a bicameral legislature. Also had the 3/5th clause where a slave is counted as 3/5 a person in the census. In addition, it had a series of checks and balances in the judiciary, legislative and executive branches of government. 9. Battle of Bunker Hill

American caused very significant causalities to British forces even though they were defeated they stood their ground and it gave hope to the Americans fighting for independence. Also told the British we were not going to be a bunch of pushovers. Battle took place on Breeds hill. 10. Revolution of 1800 Was mainly about the election of 1800 where power was for the first time transferred peacefully from one party to another in the election. The election itself had a lot of Mudslinging, and it ended up being a very close match. However, it was not really a true revolution. 11. Sacajawea Was an Indian woman who helped Lewis and Clark navigate through the western unknown territory and was the mean reason for their success. She knew terrain, could speak to other tribes, showed that they were simply a exploration expedition not a military operation she also knew of medicine and was really the main reason most of them survived the journey. 12. Elizabeth Cady Stanton At Seneca Falls NY 1848, Stanton brought up womens suffrage as an issue to America and the meeting of revolutionaries there. She got the ball rolling for eventual passage of the 19th amendment. 13. American Renaissance Bloomed in the 1820s, were a shift to belief the belief that the individual was inherently good instead of inherently bad with original sin of traditional protestant assumptions. This shift is known as romanticism and allowed artist to express their inner joy and show the wonders of the world. The Hudson River school of fine art was established along with American artist like Cooper and his painting of the American Wilderness, writers such as Walt Whitman, Melville, Thoreau and many others. The art and literature were not the only thing that was changing new

schools of thought were taking place Dix, the Oneida, Garrison, and the Grimke sisters all wanted to impact this new changing world. 14. free trade and Sailors Rights The reason/slogan we used when we went to war against Brittan (War of 1812). The British impressing/capturing and forcing American sailor to fight (the sailor rights part). In order to stop all trade with France, British began destroying American merchant ships (free trade part). 15. Slave Codes Were actual laws that limited the rights of blacks and ensured almost absolute authority to white masters. The only fact in determining if one was subjected to these slave codes was their skin color. Any African ancestry was enough to classify a person as black. some of the codes were no slave may hold property, leave masters premises w/out permission, be out after dark or to congregate with others except at church, even to read and write. 16. Manifest Destiny The idea that America was destined, by god and history, to expand its boundaries over everything, not limited to North America. This idea fueled Americans and was used every time as a reason for taking over other peoples land whether it was rightfully theirs or not. Some examples are the Native Americans (many many many times), Spanish American war (Florida), Texas revolution, and later the Mexican and American war (California) and the idea that America must stretch from sea to shining sea. 17. Uncle Toms Cabin The book written by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe, published in 1852, brought the realities of slavery to a very public and nationwide forum. Moderates who once did not know the truth about it, after reading the book suddenly and vigorously ran to the abolitionist side. The book had such a profound effect many southern states tried to outlaw it. The book turn the

tides and help push an already dilapidated union further into disarray and away from compromise. 18. Fort Sumter After the failure of the Crittenden Compromise many Southern states seceded with them South Carolina. The first thing these states tried to do was to take over all federal property. However, there were only two fortified offshore military installations they could not seize immediately Pickens and Fort Sumter. Lincoln stated the Union would hold and occupy all federal property even in seceded states. Therefore, the battle of possession of fort Sumter was the first battle of the civil war. 19. John Wilkes Booth Killed Lincoln and made him a martyr and an undying idealist dream of a united America, on April 14, 1865. However, his death also brought paranoia and destroyed any smooth reconstruction era that might have gone on. However, some says because he was murdered he was not brought down in the muck of the reconstruction and was able to escape at least that leaving his name and legacy intact. 20. 15th Amendment Was used to repeal the black codes that were springing into place in the south (the democrat strong hold) to prevent newly freed (now republican) blacks from voting. The amendment states that one cannot prevent a man from voting based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

21. Essay question - Topic A: Change Focusing on the expansion of territory as the phases of revolution on America. First territory belonged to the Native Americans and after the discovery of America by Europe in the 1400s small colonizes were established. The colonies were the first representation of Manifest Destiny. With the exclusion of Pennsylvania most of the land was taken though a god given right to own the land and the weapons to do so. Each colony was mostly seasoned and whittled down by hardships brought ignorance and poor planning, such as Jamestown and Roanoke. All the small colonies were rigid and fragile in religious and gender intolerances. Manifest Destiny and predestination went hand in hand all the male Europeans believing they were the superior race. The English and Spanish themselves looking for immediate wealth would start digging for gold and starve to death in the first years. Now realizing that it would take effort and hard work to build these colonies, many took Indians as slaves and the middle passage was created. The English seasoned by the Irish conquering experience and treating them as less than human (chattel slavery) allowed no impact on their moral ethics of enslaving others. The increasing Columbian Exchange brought more people who took more land and carried more diseases. As the colonies grew, the recognition of need of government arose and documents like the Mayflower compact and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were born. After the failure of the plantation of Europeans crops the colonists discovered some cash crops were they could turn a meager profit. However, tobacco, one of the leading products, killed once fertile land in a few years. As the population of the colonist continued to rise, as well as the demand for farming tobacco the need similarly arose for land. However, Indians were forcefully shoved aside from their already decimated home where most of their village had died out from European disease. Some left continued to fight such as King Philips War and later Tecumseh and the Prophet. After the Great War for Empire, America claimed even more land, but still under the British rule. The

colonies themselves not enjoying the end of salutary neglect and being forbidden to expand beyond to newly acquired territories by the Proclamation of 1763. Along with being burdened with their mother countries war debts in the form of the stamp and sugar act began organizing rebellious groups such as the Sons and Daughters of Liberty. After a few more unwanted measures placed on the rebellious colonist such as the Quartering act, tea act and finally the Coercive acts, the colonist full up rebel and fight. Independence does come and the colonists once again expand to take all the new land. New that the state are on their own the once again decided to draft up some government documents to keep some level of order in the free for all that was going on, so they make the Articles of Confederation. However, Shays rebellion shows the weakness of those documents and then the constitution was later drafted and confirmed by the successful crushing of the whiskey rebellion. Since not all the land were automatically divided into state they also put forth the North West Ordnance to define the territories status in the union. Even with the new land of Oregon Territories and expeditions of Lewis and Clark the population and demand for land continued to grow. Jefferson soon made the Louisiana Purchase acquiring even more land (none of them paying any attention to those already living there). At least the 49th parallel was settled without incident in the convention of 1818. However even Louisiana Purchase was not enough and the people demanded more and were taking lad from the Indians who had tried to integrate with white society like the Cherokee. They even went to court in the two cases Cherokee nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia but were only rejected and push out to their death on the trail of tears. Another group the Seminoles had their own war and were forcibly pushed into the everglades through once Spanish territory in the acquisition of Florida. As one can see, nothing is enough for these people and the government was willing and able to please their insatiable appetites. Any compromises even within themselves such as the Missouri Compromise would later be debated and then

ground to dust as the only way to settle their disputes just like in their original countries was through violence and war. With the Texas revolution and the already instability between north and south why not just acquire more territory to fight over? And so they did. Welcome California, to a new crumbling union. Now that the sea to shining sea destiny was preformed now the country drew a line up the middle and began fighting over itself in the bothers war but like most wars one side won and conquered another and at least provided some stability and a small lull in the major bloodshed or genocide. However, with all battle there are winners there are losers there is profit made by some and lives lost by others. Early American history is a chaotic swirl of blood, greed and passion that only ebbed after the clashing forces tore the country apart and then tried to put it together again.