ENDORSEMENT

TITLE : A study on knowledge regarding sexually tranlly transmitted

infection among the workers of carpet factory Balkumari, Lalitpur.

BY : Sumitra Ghimire

Course : Post Basic Bachelor in Nursing

Area : Carpet Factories of Balkumari, Lalitpur.

Accepted by : The Faculty of Medicine

Tribhuvan University
Lalitpur Nursing Campus

In partial fulfillment of requirement for post Basic

Bachelor's Degree in Nursing.

…………….……………..
Mrs. Rebecca Sinha Campus Chief
Lalitpur Nursing Campus

…………………………….
Mrs. Ambika Poudel Research Advisor
Lalitpur Nursing Campus

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 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

This descriptive educational research study has been completed with the encouragement,
suggestions, guidance, and help of many persons, without which I could not have been
able to complete this research. I would like to express my cardinal thanks to the following
persons who have contributed to the accomplishments of this study.

First of all I would like to express my hearty gratitude to the Tribhuvan University,
Institute of Medicine, Lalitpur Nursing Campus for providing me great opportunity to
carry out this study as a partial fulfillment of Bachelor Degree in community nursing.

My sincere gratitude goes to respected Campus Chief Mrs. Rebecca Sinha and Assistant
Campus chief Radha Bangdel of Lalitpur Nursing Campus for their constant support and
valuable suggestion during the whole research study.

I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to my research advisor Mrs
Ambika Paudel for her constant guidance, support, valuable suggestion, and
encouragement in the process of research. I would also like to express my sincere thanks
to the Coordinator for BN 2nd year Program, Mrs Khagi Maya Pun, research teacher
Ranjana Shrestha and faculty teachers for their valuable suggestion, guidance and
support during the course of study.

My sincere appreciation goes to the Carpet Factories of Balkumari Lalitpur for giving
me permission to conduct the research .

I am also thankful to Prof. Chitra Kumar Gurung for his valuable help to analyze data and
English Lecturer Dipak Kumar Sapkota for linguistic correction.

I would like to express great sense of thanks to the Librarian of Lalitpur Nursing Campus
Mrs. Rajani Shrestha for valuable help to collect related literature and material for study
and Ujjal Upadhya for help and guidance of computer work.

I am also highly indebted to my family members and colleagues for their continuous
support, cooperation and encouragement for this study. Lastly, I should also be obliged to
all respondents for their cooperation and participation in this study.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Content Page
Endorsement ……………………………….. I

Acknowlegement…………………………..... II

Abstract……………………………………… III

Table of content……………………………… IV

List of table………………………………...... V

List of figure…………………………………. VI

Abbreviations………………………………... VII

CHAPTER-I
Introduction
1.1 Background of the study……………………
1.2 Significance of the study……………………
1.3 Statement of the problem…………………..
1.4 Objective of the study………………………
1.5 Hypothesis………………………………….
1.6 Operational definition………………………
1.7 Limitation of the study

CHAPTER-II
Review of related literature…………………….
2.1 Review of related literature……………….
2.2 Summary of related review literature……..

CHAPTER-III
Research Methodology…………………………
3.1 Research design…………………………..
3.2 Study area………………………………..
3.3 Population of study………………………
3.4 Sample size of the study…………………
3.5 Sampling Technique…………………….
3.6 Criteria for sample collection…………..

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3.7 Variables
3.8 Data gathering tools
3.9 Data collection procedure
3.10 Validity and reliability of the research
3.11 Pre-test
3.12 Ethical consideration
3.13 Data analysis procedure
3.14 Budget and time
3.15 Knowledge scoring procedure

CHAPTER-IV
Analysis and interpretation
4.1 The demographic information
4.2 knowledge assessment
4.3 Hypothesis testing

CHAPTER-V
Summary conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Summary
5.2 conclusion
5.3 Implication of the study
5.4 Recommendation
5.5 Strength of the study
5.6 Difficulties
5.7 Plan for dissemination

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
Questionnaire
Time schedule
Permission letter

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 OBSTRACT

This small scale descriptive study was conducted as a partial fulfillment of the
requirement for bachelor of nursing program at carpet factories of the Balkumari,
Lalitpur among 60 respondents. The main purpose of the study was to assess the
knowledge on sexually transmitted infection among the workers of carpet factory.
Purposive sampling technique was used for data collection. The time period of this study
was 5 weeks, structured and close ended questionnaires were developed based on related
literature and objectives. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect data.

The study hypothesized that literate workers will have more knowledge than illiterate
workers and the second hypothesis was the male respondents will have more knowledge
than female respondents.

To get information confidentially, structured questionnaire interview technique was used.

Collected data were analyzed by using of simple statistics such as percentage, frequency
and mean score. In this study, total 10 questions were knowledge related questions.

The findings of the study showed that the mean knowledge score of literate workers was
8.37 and the mean knowledge score of illiterate workers was 5.5. The literate respondents
were significantly more knowledgeable than illiterate workers. The mean knowledge
score of male was 8.39 and mean knowledge score of female was 5.25. The male
respondents were more knowledgeable than female respondents.

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 ABBREVIATION

AIDs : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrom

BN : Bachaler Of Nursing
FP :Family Planning
HIV :Human Immune Deficiency Virus
IOM :Institute Of Medicine
USTI :International union against sexually transmitted infection.
STIs :Sexually transmitted Infection
STDs :Sexually transmitted infection
WHO :World Health Organization
UNDP :United Nations Development Program

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 CHAPTER-I

BACKGROUND:
We are running at the first decade of 21st century which is known as the advanced age of
science and technology. From jungle to the present time, human civilization has made
tremendous progress in multiple field like- information technology, transportation and
public health and so on. As we have witnessed the magical development in the sector of
public health and treatment system, many fetal diseases have been eradicated. Once there
were days when Cancer and TB used to be counted as a giant figure of death but
nowadays TB is fully cured and some kinds of cancers are also curable as the boon of
modern medicine and treatment therapy. Not only has this, but also the most fearful
diseases of the past days like malaria and smallpox have already been eradicated.
However, though we are benefited by the modern ways of treatment, new diseases and
challenges are not absent yet. HIV/AIDs have been standstill as the major threat all over
the globe at present. Diabetes and heart diseases are also standing as the major problem in
front of the people of the 21st century. Furthermore, in the latest days, with the progress of
urbanization, different types of sexually transmitted diseases are increasing rapidly. So,
the sexually transmitted infection has been stood as the major headache in the different
part of the world.

The term sexually transmitted infection (STIs) refers to any infection contracted
primarily through sexually activity or contact. STIs are very serious public health
problems. These diseases are associated with substantial morbidity. The incidence of STIs
is increasing worldwide and infection is becoming more severed. STI also facilitates the
development of HIV infection and AIDs. (WHO)

STIs continue to be a major and growing public health problem in many parts of the
world, an estimated annual incidence of curable STI( syphilis, gonorrhea, Chlamydia and
trichomoniasis) is 340 million new cases occur in the world (WHO 2007)

Over 20 pathogens have been found to be spread by sexual contact. The diseases are such
as gonorrhea, syphilis, cancroids, granuloma inguinal, acute, and chronic hepatitis,
genital and anal warts, AIDs, vaginitis, etc. The Social factors for spreading STIs are:

• Prostitution: This is the major factors for spreading infection.

• Broken Homes: Homes which are broken either due to death of one or home is
unhappy.
• Sexual Disharmony: Divorced and separated persons are often victims of STD
• Poverty: In most of the developing world, prostitution is simply a reflection of
poverty. It provides an occupation for earning easy money.
• Urbanization and Industrialization: These are causes of life style that contributes
to high level of infection, since long working hours and relative isolation from
family and social mobility.
• Emotional Immaturity.
• Social Disruption: caused by disaster, wars and civil unrest.

7
 • International Travel: Travelers export and import of infection.
• Changing Behavioral Pattern: The value traditionally set on chastity is in conflict
with the more recent ideas of independence, freedom from supervision and equal
rights for both sexes
• Social Stigma:
• Alcoholism (K Park 007).

Nepal being the landlocked and least developed country in the world, the people of Nepal
are facing immense problems such as poverty, illiteracy, ignorance and youth
unemployment. These all are the predisposing factors for spreading sexually transmitted
infection including.

In spite of the availability of effective antibiotics and treatment of sexual transmitted

infection, it remains common because of lack of awareness social taboos and stigma.
Beside, there is a high proportion of poverty, lack of awareness on STI and unsafe sex
practice and traditional practice as well as girls trafficking and temporary migration due
to the open boarder between India and Nepal which are the main risk factors for STI.

Sexually transmitted infections are serious health concern, particularly among

adolescents and young people. They cause physical discomfort, personal embarrassment
and infertility as well as marital discord especially in developing country like Nepal.

• In Nepal, total no. of 5202 STIs cases were reported in 2006. (National AIDs and
STD control Program).

The major objectives of National AIDs and STI control programme:

The government has formulated policy, program and strategies for AIDs and STDs
control program with much priority. This program is integrated with national and PHC
program. The major objectives of AIDs and STI control programmes:
• Reduction of STIs and HIV/AIDS transmission through blood and blood product
and from mother to child.
• Reduction to impact of STIs and HIV/AIDs through appropriate management.

In order to achieve these objectives government has provided training to health workers
for STIs case management guideline in collaboration with the National center for AIDs
and STD control program. In this context, knowledge of sexually transmitted infection in
grass root level is the most important factor for prevention and control of the infection
but due to the lack of education and awareness many people are still suffering from STI.

8
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Knowledge Regarding Sexual Transmitted Infection among the Workers of Carpet

Factory.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The sexually transmitted infections remain major causes of acute illness, morbidity and
worse health. It affects the health of million of men and women as well as children all
over the world. In fact, the consequences of STIs can be very serious even life
threatening for women and her baby, if the women become infected with STI while she is
pregnant. (WHO)

In Nepal, due to the lack of education and awareness, more people are suffering from
STI. In such a way, most of the workers who are working in carpet factory are
uneducated and unaware of STIs. (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine).

Incidence of acute STIs is high in many countries and failure to diagnose and treat STIs
at an early stage may result in serious complications including infertility, fetal wastage,
neonatal infection, ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer and death, STIs also account for
massive expenditure (WHO).

The research will expect the following significant outcomes:

• Study will help to conduct different awareness programme by nurses and other
health personnel by gathering information of their knowledge on STIs.
• This study may help the student for further research.
• It will be helpful for the concerned expert, curriculum former and teacher,
programmer etc for designing a programme for the carpet factory workers.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

General objective
To assess the knowledge regarding sexual transmitted infection of carpet factory workers.

Specific objectives:
• To asses the knowledge of sexually transmitted infection towards the workers of
the carpet factory.
• To give education to the carpet factory workers who do not have adequate
knowledge about sexually transmitted infection.

HYPOTHESIS

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• Literate carpet factory workers have more knowledge than illiterate workers.
• Male workers have more knowledge than female workers

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

• Sexual transmitted infection: It refers to the infection of the genital tract which
is transmitted primarily through sexual contact or sexual activity.

• Sexually transmitted disease: Groups of communicable disease which are

transmitted from sexual contact.

• Knowledge: Refers to possession of fact on various aspects of STIs.

• Literate: Those persons who can read and write.

• Illiterate: Those persons who cannot read and write.

• Education: Education refers to information about sexually transmitted infection.

• Carpet worker: The person who works in a carpet factory.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

• Area: The study covers the carpet factories of the Balkumari, Lalitpur.

• Time: Limited according to curriculum.

• Budget: Self finance.

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 CHAPTER-II

2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review concerns with the review of related literature, which includes research
and non- research reports, articles, journals, books and literature available in internet,
which support research data and provide the basis for the study. So the brief descriptions
of the review of literature are given below.

Ministry of health and Population,

National centre For AIDs and STD control

Cumulative STD situation of Nepal, 2008

SN Month Male Female Total
1 July 5342 104 5446
2 September 5496 104 5600
3 October 5496 104 5600

USTI (July 2008) Published in News letter that 174,506 number of new syphilis cases
were reported in china in 2006. Among patients visiting STI clinics in eight cities of
south –western China, syphilis prevalence was found to be 11.9% with female sex low
education, high income, and multiple reported sex partners being significantly associated
with positive infection status.

Trani F. et al(February 2008) Studied on female sex street workers and sexually
transmitted infections: their knowledge and behavior in Italy, that only 11.7% knew that
STIs are transmitted by unprotected sexual intercourse and that kissing was not a mode of
transmission. This knowledge was significantly higher in female sex street workers with a
higher number of years in sex work and among those who received information from
physician, and associations about STIs. The mean score of fear for STIs was 7.5. And
being younger, practicing prostitution for shorter period of time and requiring more
information about STIs were significantly associated with this fear. Overall, 83.5%0f
female sex street workers used a condom every time. Improving the level of knowledge
of STIs is strongly needed.

Alexandra Mc et. al(July 2008) studied in urban adolescent school girls in south Delhi
India the majority of respondents (71%) had no knowledge about the effects of Genital
Herpes infection , two fifths did not know the consequences of acquiring syphilis (43%)

11
and 28% were unaware that Gonorrhea was on STI. One third of the girls (33%) didn’t
consider ulcer in the genital area and pain during urination(31%) as sign symptoms of
STIs in women . In addition, vaginal discharge was an important sign of STIs in women,
alternatively, students in the survey reported chest pain (24%) and throat pain (9%) as
symptoms. The findings of this study indicated good awareness about the modes of HIV
transmission (77%) and prevention among adolescent girls

B.S. Hemlata ( August 2008) studied that the majority of women (84%) had adequate
knowledge about the reproductive tract infection, three fourth of women (75%)
responded correctly to the risk factors of sexual transmitted infection, and nearly 72%
had adequate knowledge about sign and symptoms of sexually transmitted infections,
80.5% women answered correctly about treatment aspects, 46% of women responded
correctly to the nature of white discharge and only 4.5% had knowledge about
complications of sexual transmitted infections. Very few women responded correctly
about preventive measures of sexually transmitted infection.

WHO(2007) reported that Sexually transmitted infections are public health issue. An
estimated annual incidence of curable STI( syphilis, gonorrhea, Chlamydia and
trichomoniasis) is 340 million new cases occur in the world. Between 10% and 40% of
women with untreated Chlamydial infections develop symptomatic pelvic inflammatory
disease. Post infection tubal damage is responsible for 33 to 40% of cases of female
infertility. In pregnant women with untreated early syphilis, 25% of pregnancies result in
still birth and 14% in neonatal death- in overall perinatal mortality of about 40%, 10%
perinatal death due to gonorrhea, 30% of infants born to mother with chlamydial
infection develop a serious eye infection. Estimated that worldwide, between 100 and
4000 new born babies become blind every year because of this condition.

K Park (2007) reported that over 20 pathogens have been found to be spread by sexual
contact. The highest rate of incidents of STIs is observed in 20-24 years old, followed by
the 25-29 and 15-19 year age groups. The most serious morbidity is observed during fetal
development and in the neonate. Overall morbidity rate is higher for men than for
women, but the morbidity caused by infection is generally much more sever in women.
• The frequency of STD infection is higher among single divorced and separate
persons than among married couples
• Individuals from the lower socio- economic groups have the highest morbidity
rate.

Family planning association of Nepal (2007) reported that nearly one third of young
people were aware of STIs through their knowledge on means of transmission and
prevention was relatively low. Access to STI services is poor while the use of condom for
effective infection prevention is not commonly known.

Periodic Plan Of HIV/AIDs, District Development Committee Sunsari (2064)

reported that there are 2500 to 3000 sexually infected people in Sunsari district. Majority

12
of the infected people hide their disease. They have access to medical treatment facility in
hospital, primary health centre and health post. However majority of them do not like to
visit such facilities.

Chen B. et.al (July 2004 to may 2006) Shanghai, China studied that Of the 5067
students who provided valid answer sheets, 50.05% were female 49.95% were male. A
total of 38.4% of respondents had received reproductive health education
previously.Premorital sex behavior was opposed by 17.7% of survey participants, and
37.5% could identify all the three types STIs listed in the questionnaire. Although 83.7%
knew how HIV is transmitted, only 55.7% knew when to use condom and 57.8% knew
that the use of condoms could reduce the risk of HIV infection. The reproductive health
service is lagging behind current attitude and demands of university students; there
knowledge about reproductive health and STI/AIDs is still limit

National Centre For AIDs and STD Control (2006) reported on national guidelines on
STIs that syphilis prevalence was 1-2% among sentinel surveillance STIs patients in six
surveillance sites (Mahendranagar, Nepalgunj,Pokhara,Birgunj, Kathmandu maternity
hospital, AMDA Hospital, Damak). In total of 5547 caseswere reported in 2000. The
proportion of STIs cases to total OPD patients was 4%,2.3%,3.2% with an overall
proportion of 3.02% respectively for each year.

Training manual on HIV and AIDs for Health Service providers. National centre for
AIDs and STD control program(2006) reported that
Only 75% teenager knew that they should use condoms when having sex and only two
third (69%) said that they should not have sex with commercial sex workers. The study
also shows that almost 20% of teenagers consider premarital sex as proper. One in five
boys and nearly one in ten girls interviewed had had a sexual experience.65% boys said
that they had used condoms, while 74%of girl said that their partners used condom during

E J Mmbaga et.al(February 2005): studied on Sexually transmitted infections

knowledge and its impact in practice of risky sexual behaviors and HIV serostatus, rural
Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: stated that overall knowledge of STIs was 38.6%.Knowledge of
STI complication including HIV transmission, was very low(22.0%) in this community.
The low knowledge of STI complications was significantly associated with recent ( past
4 weeks),practice of multiple sex partners 95%, not using condom with causal partner
95%. Overall STI knowledge was alarmingly low. Knowledge should more emphasize on
raising awareness of complication.

Department of Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Kenya (2002) studied that 30 %

of men reported consistent condom use during extramarital sex throughout the study
period. The change in heterosexual risk behavior was accompanied by a significant
decrease in the incidence of gonorrhea, nongonococcal urethritis, and genital ulcer
disease. The percentage of men reporting extramarital sex decreased from 49% to 36%
while contact with female prostitutes declined from 12% to 6%.

13
A Andersson et al(2002) studied in Knowledge about the prevention of sexually
transmitted diseases: a longitudinal study of young women from 16–23 years. The
testing knowledge about the mode of transmission and prevention of STD, gave a total
score of correct answers varying between 44% and 64%, with less knowledge about
human papilloma (HPV) and herpes viruses than about Chlamydia. Awareness of the
possibility of asymptomatic transmission was low. The highest scores were obtained at
the age of 18 years. Experience of many partners, a history of STD, smoking, and more
frequent use of alcohol were associated with a higher level of knowledge. Knowledge
was fairly good and consistent, but was more often incorrect regarding viral infections
and the possibility of asymptomatic transmission, and in total did not ensure an adequate
protective behavior. A higher level of knowledge was associated with a more risky
behavior, indicating that information was best received by those who could identify with
the problem.

Gibny L et al(2001) studied in Bangladeshi women, in 261 women had a physical

examination,19.5% trichomoniasis, Chlamydia in 3.4%,Gonorrhea in 5.4% , Bacterial
vaginosis in 37.2%, and candidiasis in 10% . In the full sample of 384 women with test of
urine and blood, prevalence infection with Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and herpes 2
was detected in 0%, 6.3%, 5.7%, and 32% respectively. Almost 50 % of the subjects had
ever been exposed to Hepatitis B, 3.6% were currently infective, 1.6% had hepatitis c,
and had hepatitis D.

M Puri et al(2001) studied that large majority of young carpet factory workers (70%)
had heard about STD.Large majority 80% boys and 62% girls heard about STD among
the factory workers. Only 2% factory workers heard about gonorrhea. Roughly one in ten
young factory workers suffered from at least one sign and symptoms of STD is higher
among girls than in boys(girls14%), boys4%) 7% have reported smelly discharge, 2%
boys reported sore in genital area. Knowledge about different preventive measure is also
satisfactory. 91% workers have knowledge about condom is the preventive measure of
STI.

The UNICEF 2001 survey among adolescents revealed that though Nepalese
adolescence are highly aware of the risk of HIV, this sexual behavior, Although a vast
majority (92%) had heard about HIV/AIDs, a significance proportion (23%) had the
misconception about HIV transmission. Only 74% of them know that they should use
condoms to protect themselves from HIV and over 69% said that they should not have
sex with commercial sex workers to avoid HIV/AIDs.

Karmic society of Nepal(2001) studied that was conducted to access the knowledge ,
attitude and practice concerning HIV/ AIDs and STDS among the youth in Dang ,Kailali
and Surkhet The study reveled that the common types of STDs called Bhiringi , Scabies
and Gonorrhea . the study also reported 78% of the respondents agreed that condom is

14
best measure to protect them form STD , while 78% think the best way to avoid STD is
to avoid multiple sex partners

Shally A.et.al(2000): Studied that nearly half of the youths in the studied continued to
believe that washing the penis with disinfectant after sex helped to prevent disease and
30-40% continued to believe that urinating after sex greatly reduced their chances of
developing STIs. From 58% to 21% of youths who thought that taking medicines before
or after sex could prevent STIs and that using a vaginal birth control or antifungal tablet
reduced the chance of disease ( from 45 to 26) sexual intercourse. Unprotected sex led to
a 14% pregnancy rate and 13% STD in boys. Girls with their traditionally lower social
status sometimes have knowledge about STDs and HIV/AIDs, but no any access to
means of protection.

2.2. SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW

Sexually transmitted infections are public issues. Estimated 340 million new cases of
curable STI occur annually in the world.

According to many literature reviews, unsafe sexual intercourse with an infected partner
is the major risk factor for the transmission of infection.

Many studies showed that low education and low socio-economic groups have the
highest morbidity rate of STI and prostitution is the major factor to spread of infection.

In developing countries like Nepal, many people are actively involved in prostitution and
most of them do not use any preventive measures for prevention of STIs. Most of the
people in developing countries have no knowledge about STI because of illiteracy, low
socioeconomic condition and lack of public awareness.

Many studies have reported that the highest rate of incidence of STI is observed in young
adult. Overall morbidity is higher for men than women, but the infection is severe in
women.

Though the people in developed countries are educated and have high socioeconomic
status, but the level of knowledge about STI is still limited. So, public awareness about
STI is urgently needed.

15
 CHAPTER-III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1.Research Design:
A simple descriptive research design was used for this study.

3.2.Study area:
The study was conducted at carpet factories of Balkumari Lalitpur.

3.3.Population of the study:

All male and female entire workers of the carpet factory.

3.4. Sample size of the study:

Sample size of this study was 60.

3.5.Sampling Technique
Purposive sampling plan was used to collect data.

3.6.Criteria for sample collection:

• Inclusion criteria:

 The entire workers of the carpet factories of Balkumari Lalitpur.

 Both male and female.
 Both literate and illiterate.
 Workers who want to participate in this study.

3.7.Variables

• Independent variables:
 Demographic area
 Working environment
 culture
 customs
 awareness

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  Socio-economic status

2.Dependent Variables:

• Education

3.8.Data Gathering tools( Instruments for data collection):

Questionnaire was developed on the basis of research objectives and hypothesis where
the researcher was composed structured close ended and open ended questions by
dividing into two parts.
1. Question related to demography information.
2. Question related to knowledge on STI.

3.9. Data collection procedure:

The formal permission was taken from concerned authority of carpet factory for research
by submitting the official letter from the Lalitpur nursing campus.
• Before collecting the data, the verbal consent was taken from the
respondent.
• The respondents were explained the purpose of study.
• Data was collected by researcher only.
• Interview was taken individually.

.3.10.Validity and reliability of the instrument

In order to maintain validity and reliability of the instrument, the structured question
which was developed according to related literature and consulted with adviser,
research teacher, faculty export, and some modifications were made according to pre
test results.

3.11.Pre test / Pilot study:

To find out the reliability, validity and practicability, of the instrument, a pilot study
was done on 10% of the total sample size before the actual study. The instrument was
modified according to the necessities before carrying out the study.

3.12.Ethical consideration:
• Study was conducted only after the approval of the faculty teachers, research
advisors, assistant campus chief and campus chief.
• Verbal as well as written permission was obtained from authority of carpet
factory.
• The respondents .The objective of the study was explained clearly to the
participants
• None of the respondents was forced to participate in study.

17
 • The respondent's right was protected while collecting data by informed consent
and confidentiality, and anonymity.
• The Privacy was maintained by interviewing each respondent.

3.13.Data analysis procedure:

All the collected data were tabulated analyzed and categorized on the basis of research
objectives and hypothesis by using simple statistical methods such as percentage number
and mean. The findings were summarized by using table, bar, graph and pie chart.

3.14. Budget and time:

• The time period was 5 weeks.
• The small scale budget, self financed.

3.15. Knowledge scoring procedure:

For knowledge related question 1 score was given in each correct answer and '0' score for
wrong answer for the questions having only one correct answer. Then question no. 15, 16,
17, 18 22, 25 have more than one answer. In such questions, if respondent's answers don't
know they got 0 score. If they answer only one correct option, they got ' 1 score'. Thus
the total score of question 23, questions relating to knowledge = 11.

18
 CHAPTER- IV
Data analysis and interpretation:
This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data concerning demographic
information and knowledge of carpet factory workers regarding sexually transmitted
infection. After collecting all the data, they are analyzed and interpreted on the basis of
research objectives and hypothesis, using simple statistical tool. Findings of the study are
presented into two parts:

• Demographic information.
• Knowledge about sexually transmitted infection.

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4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents

Table no-4.1.1: Distribution of respondents according to their age:

n=60
SN Subject Frequency Percentage
1 Age:
15-20 years 16 26.67%
21-25years 20 33.33%
26-30years 12 20%
31-35years 8 13.33%
36-40years 4 6.67%
2 Sex:
Male 33 55%
Female 27 45%

2 Marital status:
Married 41 68.3%
Unmarried 19 31.7%
3 Residence:
Within the factory 50 83.3%
Outside the factory 10 16.7%

4 Cast:
Tamang 48 81%
Magar 5 8%
Newar 2 3%
Chhetri 2 3%
Rai 2 3%
Dalit 1 2%

4 Religion:
Buddhist 49 81.67%
Hindu 9 15%
Christian 2 3.33%
5 Educational Status:
Illiterate 28 46.67%
Literate 21 35%
Upto 5 class 8 13.33%
Upto 10 class 2 3.3%
SLC pass 1 1.67%

20
Table no -4.1. shows that the majority 20(33.33%) of the respondents were of age from
21-25 years, 16(26.70%) respondents were 15-20 years,12(20%) respondents were 26-30
years,8(13.33%) respondents were 31-35 years, and 4(6.76%) were 36-40 years. 50(83%)
respondents were lived temporarily in within the factory and 10(16.70%) outside the
factory. 49 ( 81.67% ) respondents were Buddhist,9( 15% ) respondents were Hindu and
2 (3.33%) were Christian. majority of the respondents 33(55%) were male and 27(45%)
respondents were female. the majority of the respondents 48(81%), were Tamang, 5(8%)
Magar, 2(3%) Newar,3% Chhetri 3% Rai and 1(2%) were dalit.

21
Figure no-4.2:The knowledge score about sexually transmitted infection
of the carpet factory workers
n=60

10

7
Knowledge score

5 Series1
4

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
No of respondents

Figure no- 4.2.shows that the knowledge score of respondents ranged from low of 2 to
high of 17 in which 11 question related to knowledge were asked to the respondents, total
marks of these question was 25. The majority of respondents obtained 8 scores and
minority of the respondent obtained 12 score.

22
Figure no-4.3:Distribution of respondents according to heard about
STI:
n=60

30%

yes
No

70%

Figures no-4.3. shows that the majority 42(70%) respondents had heard about STI and
only18(30%) respondents had not heard about STI. All workers of the carpet factory were
come from rural area . who were exposed in media had heard about STI. Who had not
heard about STI may not be exposed in media.

23
Table no-4.4: Distribution of respondents according to sources of
information:
n=60
SN Subject Frequency Percentage
1 TV 14 33.33%
2 Radio 16 38.09%
3 FM 5 12%
4 Friends 15 35.71%
5 Health Personnel 11 26.19%

Table no 4.4. denotes that the Radio is the effective media to transfer the massage. In this
study 16(38.o9%) respondents had heard about STI on the radio and 15(35.71%)
respondents heard from the friends. 14(33.33) had heard from TV and 11(26.19%) heard
from health personnel.

* Multiple responses*

24
Figure no-4.5:Distribution of respondents according to knowledge on listing
the different name of STIs
n=60

50
50
45
40
35
Shyphilis
30
Gonorrhea
25 HIV/AIDs
20 Don't know

15
10 8
4
5 1

Figure no-4.5. shows that the majority of the respondents were unaware about the name
of Sexually transmitted infection, that was 50 (83.33%) , 8(13.33%) respondents listed
the name of HIV/AIDs, 4(6.66) respondents listed the name of syphilis and 1( 1.66%)
respondents listed the name of gonorrhea.

*Maltiple responses*

25
Table no-4.6:Distribution of respondents according to knowledge about
transmission of STI:
N=60
SN Knowledge about transmission of Frequency Percentage
STI
1 Unsafe sexual contact 46 76.66%
2 From mother to child transmission 4 6.66%
3 Infected blood 4 6.66%

4 Don't know 14 23.33%

Table no-4.6. shows that the majority of respondents said that unsafe sexual contact is the
way of transmission of STI, that was 46(76.66%), 4(6.66%) had knowledge about
mother to child transmission is the way of transmission of STI, and 4(6.66%) said from
infected blood and 14(23.33%) had no knowledge about transmission of STI.Media
frequently gives information about HIV AIDs . thought most workers of the carpet
factory are uneducated

*Multiple responses*

26
Table no-4.7: Distribution of respondents according to knowledge about
sign and symptoms of STI
n=60
SN Knowledge about sign and symptoms of Frequency Percentage
STI
1 Don't know 37 61.66%
2 Having sore in private part 15 25%
3 Excessive white vaginal discharge 12 20%
4 Lower abdomen pain 6 10%
5 Swelling in groin 3 5%

Table no- 4.7. shows that the majority of the respondents37(61%) were unaware about
sign and symptoms of STI. 15(25%) respondents had knowledge about having sore in
private part,12(20%) respondents had knowledge about excessive white vaginal
discharge, 6(10%) had knowledge about lower abdomen pain, 3(5%) respondents had
knowledge about swelling in groin. Most of the people were illiterate and come from the
rural area. so they had not knowledge about sign and symptoms of STI. Majority of the
respondents who gave one right answer, had also inadequate knowledge about all sign
and symptoms of STI.

*Multiple responses*

27
Table no- 4.8: Distribution of respondents according to knowledge about
how could not transmission of STI:
n=60
SN Knowledge about how couldn't transmit Frequency Percentage
STI from one person to another.
1 Don't know 32 53.33%
2 Sharing of toilet 21 35%
3 Sharing of food and utensils 19 31.66%
3 Use of condom 4 6.66%
4 Coughing and sneezing 2 3.33%

Table no- 4.8. Shows that 32(53.33%) had no knowledge about how could not transmitted
STI. 21(35%) respondents expressed that STI is not transmitted by sharing of toilet,
19(31.66%) STI is not transmitted through sharing of food and utensils, 4( 6.66%)
expressed that STI could not transmitted through use of condom, 2(3.33%) expressed that
STI is not transmitted through coughing and sneezing. All of the carpet factory were
come from the rural area and most of them were illiterate. They were not exposed in
media also. So they had not knowledge about how couldn't transmit STI.

*Multiple responses*

28
Table no-4.9:Distribution of respondents according to knowledge about who
are the vulnerable group for STI:
n=60
SN knowledge about who are the venerable Frequency Percentage
group for STI
1 Female sex workers 26 43.33%
2 Don't know 25 41.66
3 Multiple partner/ mother to child 11 18.33%

Table no- 4.9.shows that 25(41.66%) respondents had no knowledge about who are the
venerable group for STI, 26(43.33%) respondents expressed that female sex workers are
the vulnerable group for STI, 11(18.33%) respondents expressed that multiple partners
are the vulnerable group for STI. Most of the respondents were exposed in media and
some were exposed with health workers So they had knowledge about STI.

*Multiple response*

29
Figure-4.10:Distribution of respondents according to knowledge about
treatment is possible or not possible for STI
n=60

10%

10%

yes
No
Don't know

80%

Figure no- 4.10. shows that 48(80%) respondents had knowledge about treatment is
possible for STI, 6 (10%) respondents expressed that treatment is not possible for STI
and 6(10%) have not knowledge about treatment of STI is possible.

30
Figure no-4.11:Distribution of respondents according to knowledge
about treatment of STI

n=48

15%
8%
Yes
No
Don't know

77%

Figure no-4.11:Within the 48 respondent, 37(77%) respondents who said both should be
treated for STI,4(61.66%)respondents said that both should not be treated for STI,
7(11.66%)respondents have no knowledge about single or both should be treated for STI.

31
Figure no-4.13:Distribution of respondents according to knowledge
about both should be treated for STI

n=48

40 37

35

30

25
Yes
20 No
Don't know
15

10 7
4
5

0
Yes No Don't know

Figure no-4.13: shows that within the 48 respondent, 37(77%) respondents who said both
should be treated for STI,4(61.66%)respondents said that both should not be treated for
STI, 7(11.66%)respondents have no knowledge about single or both should be treated for
STI. Majority of the respondents had knowledge about treatment of STI because they
were exposed with media and health workers.

32
Figure-4.14:Distribution of respondents according to have sexual
relation with multiple sex partner

n=60

23%

Yes
No

77%

Figure 4.14:shows that 44(77%) respondents were not have sexual relation with multiple
sex partners,14(23%) respondents were expressed that we have sexual relation with
multiple sex partners. Majority of the respondents were married and they were living
husband and wife together. So they had not sexual relation with multiple sex partners.
Most of the workers were come from rural area of the Nepal. They were living in mixed
gender hostel and lack of parental supervision who had sexual relation with multiple sex
partners.

33
Figure no-4.15: Distribution of respondents according to have sexual
relation without using condom:
N=14

36%

Yes
No

64%

Figure no-4.15: shows that 9(64%) respondents were expressed that they have not used
condoms during sexual contact. 5(36%) respondents had expressed that they have used
condom during sexual contact The majority of the respondents were not used condoms
during sexual contact. So they were in risk behaviors of STI, They had not adequate
knowledge about STI. Some who were used condom during intercourse had knowledge
about prevention of STI.

34
Table no-4.16: Distribution of respondents according to knowledge
about prevention of STI

n=60
SN Knowledge about prevention of STI Frequency Percentage
1 Avoid multiple sex partners 28 46.67%
2 Use of condom 15 25%
3 Don’t know 22 36.67%

Table no-4.16: shows that most of the respondents had knowledge about avoiding of
multiple sex partner is the way of prevention from STI, that was 28 (46.67 %)
respondents, the 15(25%) respondents expressed that use of condom is the way of
prevention of STI. 22( 36.67% %) respondents had no knowledge about the way of
prevention of STI. Majority of the respondents had knowledge about prevention of STI,
because they were exposed in media and some with health workers. Most of the
respondents were illiterate and were not exposed in media. So they had no knowledge
about STI.

*Multiple responses*

35
Figure-4.17:Distribution of respondents according to knowledge about
STI between literate and illiterate:

SN Education Frequency Mean score Percentage

1 Literate 32 8.37 37.78%

2 Illiterate 28 5.5 25%

Table-4.17: shows that 37.78% respondents were literate and 25% respondents were
illiterate mean score of knowledge from literate respondents is 8.37 and mean score of
knowledge from illiterate respondents is 5.5. Mean knowledge score and percentage is
higher in literate respondents compared to illiterate respondents. So the hypothesis is
accepted.

36
Figure -4.18: Distribution of respondents according to knowledge about
STI between male and female
SN Subject frequency Mean score Percentage
1 Male 33 8.39 36.49%
2 Female 27 5.25 22.86%

Table 4.18: shows that mean score of knowledge of male respondents is 8.39 and mean
score of knowledge from female respondents is 5.25. Male respondents had 36.49% and
female respondents had 22.86% knowledge. Knowledge score and percentage is higher in
male respondents compared to female respondents. So the hypothesis is accepted.

37
 CHAPTER-V

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter gives a brief account of the total picture of the findings, conclusion drawn
from the study, implications recommendation for research, difficulties faced during the
study, strength of the study and limitation for the study.

The statement of the problem was the knowledge on sexually transmitted infection
among the workers of the carpet factory.

The study was based on the simple descriptive methodology. The purposive sampling
plan was used. An interview schedule was developed with the help of relevant literature
and consultation with the teachers and experts. The tool was prepared in two parts (I)
demographic information (II) Knowledge related to legalization of abortion. Validity and
reliability was maintained. Permission from the authority was obtained and the pre-
testing was conducted in the carpet factory of the Balkumari, Lalitpur, on 10% of the
respondents. This subject was not included in the final study. After the pre-testing some
required modification were made in the instrument.

5.1. Summary of the findings

• Findings related to demographic information

 The majority of the respondents were 15- 25 years( 50%) years old.

 Majority of the respondents(68.3%) were married and 31.7% were unmarried.

 Majority of the respondents were Buddhist (81.67%) and most of them were
Tamang (81%).
 83.3% respondents lived within the factory.
 53.33% respondents were literate and 46.67% respondents were illiterate.

• Findings related to knowledge

 70% respondents heard about STIs and 30% respondents were unaware of
STI.

 Majority of respondent heard about STI on media in which ,38.09% had heard
about STIs on radio, 35.71% heard from friends, 33.38% had heard from TV.

38
 26.19% respondents had heard from health personnel, and 12% respondents
had not heard about STIs.

 76.66% respondents had knowledge about is the mode of transmission of

infection,6.66% had knowledge on mother to child transmission,4% had
knowledge about infected blood is the mode of transmission.

 61.66% respondents were unaware about sign and symptoms of STI, noly
25% had knowledge on excessive white vaginal discharge, 10% respondents
had knowledge on lower abdomen pain , 5% respondents had knowledge on
swelling in groin.

 80% respondents had knowledge about treatment of STIs, and 20%

respondents had no knowledge on treatment of STIs.
 77% had not sexual relation with multiple partners and 23% respondents had
sexual relation with multiple sex partners. 64% of 14 respondents expressed
that they have not used condom during sexual contact.
 46.67% respondent had knowledge on avoiding multiple sexual partner is the
way of prevention from STIs
 25% had knowledge on condom use is the way of prevention from STIs.
 36.67% had no knowledge about way of prevention from STIs.

5.2. CONCLUSION
This study was conducted on carpet factory workers. Most of the workers were living in
mixed gender quarter. Most of them were young adult. They had lack of parental
supervision. 68.3% were married; both husband and wife were living together. 31.7%
were unmarried. All respondents had come from rural area of the country. Most of them
were illiterate. Majority of the respondents (70%) had heard about STIs from various
sources of information. Though the majority of the respondents heard about STI, most of
the workers were unaware about sign and symptoms and prevention of STIs.

Knowledge score was different between literate and illiterate workers. Literate
respondents had more knowledge of STIs than illiterates.

The level of knowledge was different between male and female. Male had more
knowledge than female. Most of the workers were unaware about STIs.

5.3 IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY

Majority of the respondents heard about STIs and some had accurate knowledge about
transmission of STIs. Even majority of the respondents did not know about sign and
symptoms and prevention of STIs. Some were also exposed in risk behaviors of STIs.
So, it is very essential to give health education to the carpet factory workers that will help
to prevent from STIs.

39
The result of this study highlights the need to give health education about STIs.
This would provide background to other related studies in future.

5.4.RECOMMENDATION
 Can be studied in large scale sample in different factories of the whole Lalitpur
district.
 Comparative study can be carried out between municipality and village.
 Comparative studied can be carried out between married and unmarried workers.


5.5. STRENGTH OF THE STUDY

 This study tries to explore the actual knowledge of respondents about STIs.
 Focus was given to protect the right of the respondents by maintaining anonymity
and confidentiality.
 The questionnaire was based on literature, article and books.
 The researcher had gained confidence to conduct research.

5.6. DIFFICULTIES FACED DURING STUDY.

 Sometimes interview took longer time than estimated time because more time
needed to convince them.
 Sometimes respondents were embarrassed to participate in this study.

5.7. PLAN FOR DESSEMINATION

 Lalitpur Nursing Campus
 Carpet factories of Balkumari,Lalitpur.
 Reseach advisor

40
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books
• Park's text book of preventive and social medicine19th edition,2007,
(page 278-282)

• National Guideline on sexually transmitted infection case management, Ministry

of Health and Population ,National centre For AIDs and STD Control,Revised
edition-2006

• Periodic Plan of HIV/AIDs(2060-2064), District Development Committee Sunsari

• National HIV/AIDs strategy(2011),Ministry of health and population,

NationalAIDs and STD Control, Teku.

• Annual Report(August2006-July2007).

• Cumulative HIV and AIDs situation of Nepal as of October,September,July 2008.

Journals
• Studies in family planning vol. 31 (1-4) 200

• News letter of the international union against sexually transmitted

infections(Jully 2008)

• Reports as for month of July, September,and October, 2008, Ministry of health

and population, National centre for AIDs and STD control

• Fact sheet N'110 revised October, WHO(2007)

• Nepal Redcross Society HIV,AIDs And STIs Program.

41
• B.S.Hemlata A –Women's knowledge on reproductive Tract infection in selected
area of Raichi,The nursing journal of India Vol.XCI-No 8.Aug.2008.

• Trani F et al(February 2008)A study assessed knowledge and sexual behavior

regarding sexually transmitted infection among female sex street workers and
sexually transmitted infection their knowledge and behavior in Italy, BMJ

• STI Global Update,News latter of the International Union against Sexually

Transmitted Infection(Jully,2008).

• Thapalia et al Assessment of knowledge attitude and practice concerning

HIV/AIDs and STD among the youth in Dang, Kailali and Surkhet district ,2000,
submitted to NCASC.

• File://H:/Carpet % 20 Factory.htm. 1, sep.2008.

42