Waste Water Treatment

Criteria of water treatment plant design

Keperluan kualiti Keperluan unjuran aliran dan ciri air sisa Keperluan kawasan Susunatur saluran pembetung dan loji rawatan Keperluan alam sekitar tempatan dan estetik Ruang tanah untuk keperluan loji

Criteria of water treatment plant design (cont)

Keadaan tanah tempatan yang lain Pembuangan akhir kumbahan terawat Kos membina dan operasi Keboleharapan proses rawatan sewaktu keadaaan biasa dan luar biasa

Stabilization pond

Kebiasaannya merupakan rawatan sekunder Terbahagi kpd:

Kolam anaerobik Kolam fakultatif oksidasi Kolam maturasi Kolam oksidasi

Anaerobik pond

Kolam tak berudara untuk menerima beban organik yang sangat tinggi Bakteria mereputkan bahan organik menjadi gas methane, CO2, H2S, dan asid organik dalam keadaan tanpa udara disebabkan bahan pepejal yang mendap ke dasar kolam Penghasilan enapcemar yang sedikit dan tidak memerlukan alat pengudaraan Memerlukan proses susulan secara aerobik dan pereputan anaerobik pada suhu yang lebih tinggi

Aerobic pond

Dikenali kolam oksidasi / kolam berudara Kedalaman kolam 2-7m pada keluasan yang tiada had Menggunakan oksigen yang dihasilkan dari alat mekanikal secara resapan dan pembauran atau dari algae

Facultative pond

Menstabilkan air sisa domestik Kedalaman 1.5m 4m Tindakbalas bakteria termasuk pereputan aerobik dan anaerobik digabungkan dalam satu kolam Sesuai bagi kaw perumahan melebihi 100 unit dan tidak mempunyai rancangan pembangunan industri masa depan di mana kos tanah adalah murah

Maturation pond

Digunakan pada peringkat kedua selepas fakultatif/ rawatan enapcemar teraktif/ rawatan sekunder penapis penitis Bertujuan mempertingkatkan tahap olahan dgn menghapuskan bakteria Proses berlaku dengan tahanan dan pengudaraan permukaan Kedalaman air 0.5 1m bagi pembauran dan penelusan cahaya matahari yang mencukupi, kebiasaannya 7 hari

Process of waste water treatment

Pre-treatment Primary treatment Secondary treatment Tertiary treatment

Pre-treatment

The objective of preliminary treatment is the removal of coarse solids and other large materials often found in raw wastewater. Removal of these materials is necessary to enhance the operation and maintenance of subsequent treatment units. Preliminary treatment operations typically include coarse screening & grit removal Velocity of the water through the chamber is maintained sufficiently high, or air is used, so as to prevent the settling of most organic solids.

Primary treatment

The objective of primary treatment is the removal of settleable organic and inorganic solids by sedimentation, and the removal of materials that will float (scum) by skimming. Approximately 25 to 50% of the incoming biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), 50 to 70% of the total suspended solids (SS), and 65% of the oil and grease are removed during primary treatment. Some organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and heavy metals associated with solids are also removed during primary sedimentation but colloidal and dissolved constituents are not affected.

Secondary treatment

The objective of secondary treatment is the further treatment of the effluent from primary treatment to remove the residual organics and suspended solids. In most cases, secondary treatment follows primary treatment and involves the removal of biodegradable dissolved and colloidal organic matter using aerobic biological treatment processes. Aerobic biological treatment (see Box) is performed in the presence of oxygen by aerobic microorganisms (principally bacteria) that metabolize the organic matter in the wastewater, thereby producing more microorganisms and inorganic end-products (principally CO2, NH3, and H2O). Several aerobic biological processes are used for secondary treatment differing primarily in the manner in which oxygen is supplied to the microorganisms and in the rate at which organisms metabolize the organic matter.

Tertiary treatment

Tertiary treatment is any type of treatment that is performed after primary and secondary treatment which makes it possible to release the water into locations which may have delicate ecosystems. This means that the water will need to be treated in some way to not be harmful to the ecosystem. The water can be used in a way to water locations such as a golf course then naturally be absorbed into the ecosystem later on. Some of the more important options in tertiary treatment for waste water is to really reuse and recycle the water. Although this may not always be possible through irrigation practice or other options, it is always possible to move the water to a location where the new water can then be recycled into the natural water supply once more. The process is generally very simple and makes it possible to do much more with waste water than ever before.

Process related with overflow screening

Trickling filters Bio towers

Process and unit of activated sludge process

Process and unit of rotating biological contactor (RBC)

Method of sludge disposal

a.sludge recycles b.land surface usage c.surface flow d.lake and sea surface disposal e.deep sea disposal f.land based disposal g.underground disposal h.disposal by evaporation

Category of sludge
a. grit b. first sludge c. secondary sludge d. tertiary sludge

The sludge treatment

a. pre treatment b. Thickening c. stabilization d. dewatering e. conditioning

Final method of sludge disposal

sanitary backfill land integration sea/river disposal perfect burning

Individual waste water treatment unit

Septic tank Imhoff tank Super Septic system