MONASH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING ECE2041 Telecommunications /TRC4801 Digital Communications Practice Class

7: Line Coding, Modulation and Media Properties Sunway Version

1. Most digital transmission systems are self-clocking in that they derive the bit synchronization from the signal itself. To do this the systems use the transitions between positive and negative voltage levels. These transitions help define the boundaries of the bit intervals. a. The nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) signaling method transmits a 0 with a +1 voltage of duration T, and a 1 with a 1 voltage of duration T. Plot the signal for the sequence n consecutive 1s followed by n consecutive 0s. Explain why this code has a synchronization problem. b. In differential coding the sequence of 0s and 1s induces changes in the polarity of the signal; a binary 0 results in no change in polarity, and a binary 1 results in a change in polarity. Repeat part (a). Does this scheme have a synchronization problem? c. The Manchester signaling method transmits a 0 as a +1 voltage for T/2 seconds followed by a 1 for T/2 seconds; a 1 is transmitted as a 1 voltage for T/2 seconds followed by a +1 for T/2 seconds. Repeat part (a) and explain how the synchronization problem has been addressed. What is the cost in bandwidth in going from NRZ to Manchester coding?
2. A phase modulation system transmits the modulated signal Acos(2fc t + )

where the phase is determined by the 2 information bits that are accepted every T-second interval: for 00, = 0 ; for 01, = /2 ; for 10, = ; for 11, = 3/2

a. Plot the signal constellation for this modulation scheme.

b. Explain how an eight-point phase modulation scheme would operate.
3. Suppose that the receiver in a QAM system is not perfectly synchronized to

the carrier of the received signal; that is, it multiplies the received signal by 2cos(2fc t + ) and by 2sin(2fc t + ) where is a small phase error. What is the output of the demodulator? 4. A twisted-wire pair has an attenuation of 0.7 dB/kilometer at 1 kHz. a. How long can a link be if an attenuation of 20 dB can be tolerated? b. A twisted pair with loading coils has an attenuation of 0.2 dB/kilometer at 1 kHz. How long can the link be if an attenuation of 20 dB can be tolerated?

5. Calculate the bandwidth of the range of light covering the range from 1200

nm to 1400 nm. How many Hz per person are available if the population of the world is six billion people? Repeat for 1400 nm to 1600 nm. Keep in mind that the speed of light in fiber is approximately 2 x 108 m/sec. 6. Suppose that we wish to delay an optical signal by 1 nanosecond. How long a length of optical fiber is needed to do this? How much is the signal attenuated? Repeat for 1 millisecond. 7. Compare the attenuation in a 100 km link for optical fibers operating at 850 nm, 1300 nm, and 1550 nm.
8. The power of an optical signal in dBm is defined as 10 log10P where P is in

milliwatts. a. What is the power in milliwatts of a 30 dBm signal ? 6dBm signal? b. What is the power in dBm of 1 microwatt signal? c. What is the power of an optical signal if initially it is 2 mW and then undergoes attenuation by 10 dB? output signal power if the loss per device is 1 dB?

9. A 10 dBm optical signal propagates across N identical devices. What is the

10. A satellite is stationed approximately 36,000 km above the equator. What is the attenuation due to distance for the microwave radio signal? Sample Exam Questions
11. A phase modulation system transmits the modulated signal x ( t ) = sin ( 2 fc t + )

where the phase is determined by the two information bits that are accepted every T-second interval: for 00, = 0; for 01, = /2; for 10, = ; for 11, = 3/2. Calculate x ( t ) for the information bits 00, 01, 10 and 11. b. Plot the signal constellation for this modulation scheme. c. If 00 is represented by the following modulated signal, then plot the modulated waveform for the binary sequence 01100011.
a.

d. Explain how an eight point phase modulation scheme would operate. (5 marks)

12. (Part of a question worth 10 marks) The figure below was discussed in

lectures. It shows the attenuation of different gauges of twisted wire pairs.

30 Attenuation (dB/mi) 24 18

26 gauge 24 gauge 22 gauge 19 gauge

12 6 f (kHz) 10 100 1000

a. What is the attenuation of 1 mile of 24 gauge at 10 kHz?

b. c.

What is the attenuation of 1 mile of 24 gauge at 200 kHz? What is the attenuation of 2miles of 24 gauge at 200kHz? subscriber loops for high speed internet connection.

d. Explain the effect of the results above on the use of digital