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3rd Year Design and Production

Fatigue Lecture 4
2 Constant Life Fatigue Diagrams
Su Sy

Yield Line Sn

Soderberg Line

Goodman Line Su

Sy m (Tension)

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3.1

Constant Life Fatigue Diagrams

Equations
Soderberg Line is based on Sy and Sn Sa /Sn + Sm /Sy = 1 Goodman Line is based on Su and Sn Sa /Sn + Sm /Su = 1

Factor of Safety
Illustrated here for Goodman Criteria (can use Soderberg, etc., also). F S is the factor of safety Safe stress line is parallel to original Goodman line Sa Sm 1 + = Sn Su FS

Dr. Michael Conry 2004

mconry@acronymchile.com

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Sn Sn /FS Goodman Line Safe Stress Line Su /FS m (Tension) Su

Summary of CLF Diagrams

Four straight lines relevant for innite life: Soderberg, Goodman, Yield-line, Load-line Which failure criteria to use?: If no yielding allowed, Soderberg will be conservative If we dont know Su , then use Soderberg If Su is known, and we want to nd innite life, with yielding permitted, then use Goodman line If Su is known, and we want to nd innite life, with yield onset permitted, then use Goodman line and yield line to dene the safe zone (Modied Goodman Criterion).

Stress Concentration Geometry

Surface features and aws can lead to locally elevated stresses Tables/charts allow us to look up Kt Theoretical or Geometric stress concentration factors Materials have different notch sensitivities: q Material with a lot of aws already are not damaged much by one more low notch sensitivity Very perfect material is signicantly damaged by addition of a notch or aw high notch sensitivity Calculate Fatigue Stress Concentration Factor Kf using Kt and q: Kf = 1 + q(Kt 1)

Dr. Michael Conry 2004

mconry@acronymchile.com

Stress Concentration
Now that we have Kf what do we do with it? Ductile Materials Nominal Mean Stress Method Apply Kf only to alternating stress Brittle Materials Residual Stress Method Apply Kf to both alternating stress and mean stress

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8.1

Stress Concentration
Applied to Goodman Criteria
Nominal Mean Stress Method (ductile material) Apply Kf only to alternating component [Kf Sa ] Sm 1 + = Sn Su FS Residual Stress Method (brittle material; adjust for yielding and resultant residual stress if predicted stress > Sy ) Apply Kf to alternating and mean components [Kf Sa ] [Kf Sm ] 1 + = Sn Su FS

Different texts will make different recommendations on this.

Equivalent Stress Equations

To account for situation where there is a combination of bending, shear, and/or axial stresses it is necessary to determine the equivalent stress that is created. Different forms are possible. . . Maximum Shear Stress max = eq 2
2 2 + eq

Maximum Normal/Principle Stress max = eq + 2 eq 2

2 2 + eq

Von-Mises / Distortion Energy Theory max =

2 2 eq + 3eq

Dr. Michael Conry 2004

mconry@acronymchile.com

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10.1

Equivalent Stress Equations

How to Use these Relations
Juvinall recommends the following policy: Find the equivalent alternating bending stress using distortion energy theory as: ea =
2 2 a + 3a

Find the equivalent mean bending stress as the maximum principle stress: em = m + 2 m 2
2 2 + m

Shigley recommends the application of the distortion energy equation to both alternating and mean stresses.

Dr. Michael Conry 2004

mconry@acronymchile.com