ixt irino ixmnou PHII E PHIP unoptiks lis

Jma 1 (1 monda).

GRAMMIKH ALGEBRA I

x rejon les oi lis tou ! mtos

x + 2y 2z = 1 2x + 5y 4z = 1 . 4x + 9y 8z = 3

vF r nhgmnh klimkwt morf tou epuxhmnou pnk tou !

1 0 2 3 0 1 0 1 . 0 0 0 0

mtos eni h

ipomnws to nolo lwn eni to {(3 + 2z, 1, z) : z F}F Jma 2 (1 monda). tewrome thn grmmik peikni T : R R pou dneti p ton tpo
3 3

T (x, y, z) = (3x + y, 3y, 17z),

gi kje (x, y, z) R F x exet e n uprqei ditetgmnh B tou R ttoi e o pnks ths T ws pros thn B n eni digniosF vF y pnks ths T ws pros thn knonik tou R eni o
3 3 3

3 1 0 A = 0 3 0 , 0 0 17

opte prpei n exetume n o A eni digwnopoimosF efo o A eni nw trigwniksD oi idiotims tou eni oi = 3 @me lgerik pollpltht PA ki = 17 @me lgerik pollpltht IAF y idiqwros V (3) pou nti oiqe hn idiotim = 3 upologzeti me eplu tou ! mtos AX = 3X pou grfeti ws
3x + y = 3x 3y = 3y . 17z = 3z

ipomnws V (3) = {(x, 0, 0) : x R}D !neps h gewmetrik pollpltht ths idiotims = 3 iti me IF eut mnei ti o A den eni digwnopoimosF Jma 3 (2 mondes). 9i w c migdiks rijmsF tewrome ton pnk
1 1 c A = 1 c 1 . c 1 1 1

@A frete les tis tims tou c gi tis opoes to H eni idiotim tou AF @A frete les tis tims tou c gi tis opoes to jroi twn idiotimn tou A iti me HF @A o H eni idiotim tou A tn ki mno tn det(A) = 0F ipeid det(A) = (c 1) (c + 2)D peti ti oi zhtomenes tims eni c = 1 ki c = 2F @A o jroi twn idiotimn tou A eni to jroi twn digniwn oiqewn tou A pou iti me c + 2F 9er h zhtomenh tim eni c = 2F Jma 4 (2 mondes). 9i w V dinutiks qros ki B = {u , u , u } m ditetgmnh tou F @A hexte ti to nolo B = {u , u u , u + u + u } eni eps m ditetgmnh tou V F @A x reje pnks A ttoios e A [v] = [v] D gi kje v V F
2 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 2 3

vF

vF
1

@A erke n dexoume ti t dint ths B eni grmmik nexrthtF 9i w aD bD c F ttoi e au + b(u u ) + c(u + u + u ) = 0F te (a + b + c)u + (c b)u + cu = 0F efo t dint ths B eni grmmik nexrthtD peti ti
1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3

a + b + c = 0,

c b = 0,

c = 0,

epomnws a = b = c = 0F @A y pnks mets p thn B hn B eni profns o

1 1 1 C = 0 1 1 . 0 0 1

9er
A = C 1

1 1 2 = 0 1 1 . 0 0 1

Jma 5

jm to pol QF 9i w

(2 mondes).

9i w P o dinutiks qros twn poluwnmwn me prgmtikos !ntele s ki

3

@A hexte ti o W eni upqwros tou P ki rete m tou W F @A hexte ti o qros phlko P /W eni imorfos me ton R F
3

W = {f P3 : f (0) = f (1) = 0}.

2

vF

@A efo profns 0 W D qoume ti W = F ipsD n f D g W ki RD tte

(f + g)(0) = f (0) + g(0) = 0 + 0 = 0, (f )(0) = f (0) = 0 = 0, (f + g)(1) = f (1) + g(1) = 0 + 0 = 0, (f )(1) = f (1) = 0 = 0,

r f + gD f W D dhld o W eni upqwros tou P F

3

9i w tr f W F qrfoume f (x) = ax + bx + cx + dD pou aD bD cD d RF ipeid f (0) = f (1) = 0D peti ti d = 0 ki c = a bD dhld f (x) = a(x x) + b(x x)F eut mnei ti t dint x x ki x x @pou profns nkoun on W A prgoun ton W F ipeid knn p ut t dint den eni jer pollplo tou llouD !mpernoume ti to {x x, x x} eni tou W F @A ep th l tou erwtmtos @AD qoume ti h di tou W iti me PF ipomnws h di tou P /W iti me 4 2 = 2D !neps o P /W eni imorfos me ton R F Jma 6 (1 monda). 9i w ti oi X ki A eni nn pnkes me oiqe o R ttoioi e rank(XA ) = nF hexte ti oi pnkes AXAXAX ki XAXAXA eni grmmo idnmoiF vF r  rank(XA ) = n mnei ti o XA eni nti ryimosD r ki oi X D A eni nti ryimoiD r oi X D A eni nti ryimoiF ipomnws o AXAXAX eni eps nti ryimosD dhld grmmo idnmos me ton I F 9ymoiD o XAXAXA eni grmmo idnmos me ton I F efo h grmmo idunm eni  idunms o nolo twn n n pinkwnD peti ti oi AXAXAX ki XAXAXA eni grmmo idnmoiF Jma 7 (1 monda). 9i w A ns m n pnks ttoios e rank(A) = 1F hexte ti uprqei m 1 pnks B ki 1 n pnks C t e A = BC F vF prqei nti ryimos m m pnks R ttoios e o pnks S = RA n eni nhgmnh klimkwt morfF ipeid rank(A) = 1D peti ti mno h prth grmm tou S eni mh mhdenikF 9i w C o 1 n pnks pou potele thn prth grmm tou S F 9i w eps B o m 1 pnks pou potele thn prth lh tou R F ipeid A = R S D peti ti A = BC F
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 t t t t 1 1