Professional Documents
Culture Documents
................................................................................................2
2.0
..............................................................3
2.1
..................................................................................6
2.2
................................................................................9
2.3
................................................................................11
2.3.1 .........................................................11
2.3.2 ............................................................13
2.3.3 ()......14
3.0
() ...................................14
4.0
....................................................................................16
1.0
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.
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.
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.
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: , 1:2:1
Cn(H2O)n.
. ,
.
: (CH2O),
(C2H4O2), (C3H6O3).
. ,
.
.
, .
O
C H
[O]
CH2OH
[O]
CH2OH
CHOH
CHOH
C O
CHOH
CHOH
CHOH
CHOH
CHOH
CHOH
CHOH
CHOH
CHOH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
,
.
2.0
, .
,
.
.
.
.
- - , -
. , :
C3H6O3 - - ,
C4H8O4 - - ,
C5H10O5 - - , , , ,
C6H12O6 - - , , ,
C7H14O7 - -
.
,
.
,
.
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.
CHO
H C-OH
CH2OH
D-
CHO
HO C-H
CH2OH
L-
CH2OH
C O
CH2OH
=CHOH
,
,
- .
CHO
CHOH
H C OH
CHO
CHOH
HO C H
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CO
CO
CHOH
CHOH
H C OH
HO C H
CH2OH
D-
L-
CH2OH
D-
L-
(
), - OH
D - , D .
L - .
D- L-
. D L- ,
.
(+) (-).
2n, n
. ,
23=8. ,
D (-), L (-) .
,
24=16. 8 D (-) , 8 L (-) .
,
. :
CHO
H C OH
HO C H
CHO
HO C H
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
D-(+)
CH2OH
D-(-)
.. ,
.. ,
,
4
.
D- D - :
CH2OH
C
H C OH
C O
HO C H
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
D-(+)
D-(+)
.
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
, :
O
R C H
OH
R C OR1
H
HO R1
, .
.
,
.
D- D, D-
CH2OH
CH2OH
H
O OH
C
OH
H
H
H
H
C OH
OH H
C
HO
HO
H
C
C
O
H OH
H
D-
D-
( )
CH2OH
H C OH
C
HO
H C OH O
OH
C
H
CH2OH
H
C
OH
D-
OH
OH
OH
OH
D-
( )
,
,
.
. ,
.
.
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2.1
-
. (CHO-CH2OH)
.
.
-
.
. ,
, Lohmann- .
:
O
C H
H C OH
C
H2
CH2OH
C O
OH
O P O
OH
OH
CH O P O
OH
D-
Lohmann-
-
. L - D - L-
D - .
D - (-)
. .
- , C5(H2O)5
- .
.
-
.
D-(-) , ,
(, ,
),
a .
- -
(RNA), PNA,
.
2-,
(DNA).
D- L-
.
,
( ), ..
.
, .
CHO
H C OH
CHO
H C OH
H C OH
HO C H
H C OH
HO C H
CH2OH
D -
CH2OH
L -
CHO
H C OH
HO C H
H C OH
CH2OH
D -
D -
.
D - D -
.
- C6(H2O)6
.
.
.
D - .
.
.
, .
0,1%.
0,16%,
. , ,
,
. ,
, -
.
,
, .
.
,
.
,
, .
L - ,
: , , D - .
CH2OH
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH2OH
O H
H
OH
D -
OH
H
OH
OH
H
O OH
OH
D -
D- ,
.
, .
D- , D C-4 .
D - . D
, -, ,
.
D-
.
, , .
, ,
- , - .
CHO
CH2OH
H C OH
C O
HO C H
HO C H
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
D -
D -
- .
D - ,
--5-.
2.2
, n
n-1 .
.
,
, , .
,
,
.
CH2OH
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH2OH
O H
OH
OH
- D -
H
H O
H
OH
H
CH2OH
O OH
OH
- D -
-H2O
H
OH
OH
H
CH2OH
O H
H
OH
H
OH
H
O OH
OH
- (1,4)
.
9
.
CH2OH
CH2OH
O H
H
OH
OH
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
CH2OH
H
O O
H
OH
OH
-H2O
CH2OH
H
O H
OH
,
, .
,
.
CH2OH
H
CH2OH
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH2OH
O OH
H
OH
H
H O
H
OH
H
CH2OH
H
HOH
-H2O
H
OH
OH
OH
H
OH
O H
HOH
OH
OH
.
.
, - , .
-D - - (1,5)-4-(1,5). 4
.
10
-D - - (1,5) 4--(1,5),
- .
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2.3
.
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2.3.1
.
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.
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D - ,
- . D-,
D - , D-.
: D-, D-.
, .
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11
- -1,4, .
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
-
--1,4, .
CH2OH
O
CH2OH
O
O
O
CH2OH
CH2OH
, ,
.
,
, .
.
.
.
,
,
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2.3.2 ()
.
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12
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. 20%,
75 %.
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D-.
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a -1-6 a .
1000 5000 .
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2.3.3 ()
(
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13
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25000
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D - - N - .
3.0 ()
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17
kJ/g. ,
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CO2.
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15
4.0
16