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1.

................................................................................................2

2.0

..............................................................3

2.1

..................................................................................6

2.2

................................................................................9

2.3

................................................................................11

2.3.1 .........................................................11
2.3.2 ............................................................13
2.3.3 ()......14
3.0

() ...................................14

4.0

....................................................................................16

1.0

, , ,
.

- -
.
,
.



, .

: , 1:2:1
Cn(H2O)n.

. ,
.

: (CH2O),
(C2H4O2), (C3H6O3).

. ,
.

.

, .

O
C H

[O]

CH2OH

[O]

CH2OH

CHOH

CHOH

C O

CHOH

CHOH

CHOH

CHOH

CHOH

CHOH

CHOH

CHOH

CHOH

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

,
.

2.0


, .
,
.
.
.


.

- - , -
. , :
C3H6O3 - - ,
C4H8O4 - - ,
C5H10O5 - - , , , ,
C6H12O6 - - , , ,
C7H14O7 - -
.
,
.
,
.
, ,

- , - .

.

CHO
H C-OH
CH2OH
D-

CHO
HO C-H
CH2OH
L-

CH2OH
C O
CH2OH

=CHOH
,
,
- .

CHO
CHOH
H C OH

CHO
CHOH

HO C H

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

CO

CO

CHOH

CHOH

H C OH

HO C H

CH2OH
D-

L-

CH2OH

D-

L-

(
), - OH
D - , D .


L - .
D- L-
. D L- ,
.
(+) (-).

2n, n
. ,
23=8. ,
D (-), L (-) .
,
24=16. 8 D (-) , 8 L (-) .
,

. :
CHO
H C OH
HO C H

CHO
HO C H
HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

CH2OH
D-(+)

CH2OH
D-(-)

.. ,
.. ,
,
4

.
D- D - :

CH2OH

C
H C OH

C O

HO C H

HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

D-(+)

D-(+)

.
.
, ,
.
,

, ,
, :

O
R C H

OH
R C OR1
H

HO R1


, .

.
,

.

D- D, D-
CH2OH
CH2OH
H
O OH
C
OH
H
H
H
H
C OH
OH H
C
HO
HO
H
C
C
O
H OH
H
D-

D-
( )

CH2OH
H C OH
C

HO

H C OH O

OH

C
H

CH2OH

H
C

OH
D-

OH

OH

OH

OH

D-
( )

,
,
.

. ,

.

.
, , .

2.1
-
. (CHO-CH2OH)
.


.
-
.

. ,

, Lohmann- .
:
O
C H
H C OH
C
H2

CH2OH
C O

OH
O P O
OH

OH
CH O P O
OH

D-

Lohmann-

-
. L - D - L-
D - .
D - (-)
. .
- , C5(H2O)5
- .
.
-

.
D-(-) , ,
(, ,
),
a .

- -
(RNA), PNA,
.
2-,
(DNA).
D- L-
.
,
( ), ..
.
, .
CHO
H C OH

CHO
H C OH

H C OH

HO C H

H C OH

HO C H

CH2OH
D -

CH2OH
L -

CHO
H C OH
HO C H
H C OH
CH2OH
D -

D -
.
D - D -
.
- C6(H2O)6
.
.
.
D - .
.
.
, .
0,1%.
0,16%,
. , ,
,
. ,
, -
.

,
, .
.
,
.
,

, .
L - ,
: , , D - .
CH2OH
H

H
OH
OH
H

CH2OH

O H

H
OH

D -

OH

H
OH
OH
H

O OH

OH

D -

D- ,
.
, .
D- , D C-4 .

D - . D
, -, ,
.

D-
.
, , .
, ,
- , - .
CHO

CH2OH

H C OH

C O

HO C H

HO C H

HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

D -

D -

- .
D - ,
--5-.

2.2

, n
n-1 .
.
,
, , .
,
,

.
CH2OH
H

H
OH
OH
H

CH2OH

O H

OH

OH

- D -

H
H O

H
OH
H

CH2OH

O OH

OH

- D -

-H2O

H
OH
OH
H

CH2OH

O H

H
OH

H
OH
H

O OH

OH

- (1,4)



.
9


.
CH2OH

CH2OH

O H

H
OH
OH

H
OH
OH

OH

OH

H
OH
OH

OH

OH

CH2OH

H
O O

H
OH
OH

-H2O

CH2OH
H

O H

OH


,
, .
,
.
CH2OH
H

CH2OH
H

H
OH
OH
H

CH2OH

O OH

H
OH

H
H O

H
OH
H

CH2OH
H

HOH
-H2O

H
OH
OH

OH

H
OH

O H

HOH

OH

OH


.
.
, - , .
-D - - (1,5)-4-(1,5). 4

.

10

-D - - (1,5) 4--(1,5),
- .
. ,

.
.
,
.
.
, .

, ,
. , ,
.

.

2.3

.
:
, .


,
.
2.3.1

.
.
.
,
.
.
D - ,
- . D-,
D - , D-.
: D-, D-.


, .
. ,

11

- -1,4, .
CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

-
--1,4, .
CH2OH
O

CH2OH
O

O
O

CH2OH

CH2OH


, ,
.
,
, .

.
.

.
,
,
, .

2.3.2 ()
.

. 100%
. ,
.
, -1,4 .

. ,

12

.
,
.
.
(, , , ...)
.

, (
). .
,
. :
, .
,
. 20%,
75 %.
-D- -1-4
. 250 300
. ,
D-.

,
.
, , D-.
. D-
, 25-30 .
a -1-6 a .
1000 5000 .
, HCl, ,
.
.
,
,
.
- .
.
400C .
.
, .

2.3.3 ()
(
)

( ,
-, , )
.

,

13

.
. ,
. , D-.
25000
95000 . ,
12-18 .
.
,
.
.

.

. :
- D N--D-.
, .
,
. -
- D-
D - - N - .

3.0 ()
,

- .

.
17
kJ/g. ,
: , , -,
.

.

.
. ,
.
.
,
.
.
-.
-
, ,
. -1,6
14

. .
. ,
,
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.
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: .
.

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,
,
. .
.

.


, (ATP).
, ,
.

: - .
. .
- ,
CO2.
,
,

.

15

4.0

1. Organska Hemija, N.Stanojevi, M.Dimitrijevi, V. Andrejevi, IRO


Graevinska knjiga, Beograd, 1988
2. Osnovi biohemije, Persida Berke, Nauna Knjiga, Beograd, 1986
3. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com
4. www.medbio.info
5. www.faqs.org
6. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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