The Oracle Database: Past, Present, and Future

Lex de Haan
Oracle ST, curriculum development Aalborg, 27 November 2003
Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Q U LA ZA ET N .C IA D O M

Overview
Ted Codd 1970

2003 Oracle 10g 2001 Oracle9i 1999 Oracle8i

1980 version 3 1979 version 2 1978 version 1

Q
1984 version 4

1997

Oracle8

U LA ZA ET N

1993

Oracle7

1989 version 6

1986 version 5

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

.C IA D O M

Oracle History
1978: Oracle version 1 Ran on PDP-11 under RSX, in 128 KB memory Written in assembly language Separated Oracle code (OPI) and user code (UPI) 1979: Oracle version 2 Written in PDP-11 assembly language Ran on VAX/VMS in compatibility mode

1978 1979 1980 1984 1986 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001 2003

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

.C IA D

O M

Oracle History
1980: Oracle version 3 1981 Written in C: portable source code IAF Retained split architecture Introduced the concept of atomic SQL execution and transactions (commit, rollback) 1984: Oracle version 4 Introduced read consistency Ported to many platforms Interoperability between PC and server
1978 1979 1980 1984 1986 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001 2003

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

.C IA D

Oracle History
1986: Oracle version 5 True client-server (distributed processing) VAX-cluster support Version 5.1: Distributed queries 1989: Oracle version 6 (major kernel rewrite) OLTP performance enhancements, savepoints Online backup and recovery Row-level locking, PL/SQL in the database Parallel Server (VAX clusters, nCube)

1978 1979 1980 1984 1986 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001 2003

1987

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

Apps

.C IA D

Oracle History
1993: Oracle7 Declarative referential integrity Stored procedures and triggers Shared SQL, parallel execution Advanced replication 1997: Oracle8 Object-relational extensions in the database From client/server to three-tier architecture Partitioning option

1978 1979 1980 1984 1986 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001 2003

1994

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

Media server
1995

.C IA D

NC

Oracle History
1999: Oracle8i Java in the database (JVM and SQLJ) Partitioning enhancements Data warehousing enhancements XML support Summary management Oracle Internet Directory (LDAP) Ported to Linux

1978 1979 1980 1984 1986 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001 2003

2000

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

iFS

.C IA D

Oracle History
2001: Oracle9i Real Application Clusters, with cache fusion
Scalability on inexpensive clustered hardware

LA ZA ET

Automatic segment-space management Internet security enhancements Integrated business intelligence functionality Data Guard (standby databases) Oracle managed files Globalization support (Unicode, time zones, locales)

1978 1979 1980 1984 1986 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001 2003

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

.C IA D

Oracle Database 10g

Primary goal: Build a self-managing database that requires minimal human intervention. Reduction in administration cost without compromising high availability, scalability, and security. Minimal performance impact Effective for all configurations and workloads

1978 1979 1980 1984 1986 1989 1993 1997 1999 2001 2003

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

.C IA D

O M

Manageability: Key Concepts

1. Bring the management of all database components into the database itself
SQL tuning, resource management, space and storage management, backup and recovery

2. Integrate the management of these components with a central management engine

Enables holistic rather than independent or conflicting decisions

3. Provide an intelligent infrastructure to enable these components to be self-managing

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

.C IA D

Automatic Workload Repository (AWR)

The most critical infrastructure component; the data warehouse of the database. Storage of all the important system statistics and workload information. The database kernel is instrumented to capture an essential set of time-based statistics (Time Model)
Captured and computed in memory (ASH) Periodically flushed to disk as snapshots & baselines

Using AWRs information, the database is able to intelligently tune, accurately advise and proactively alert according to the workload and environment that are unique for every system.
Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

.C IA D

Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM)

The central management engine that integrates all AWR components A database performance expert in the box ADDM uses the data captured in the AWR ADDM uses a time-based classification tree to pinpoint root causes of performance problems The Time Model enables ADDM to make performance-tuning recommendations between seemingly incomparable trade-offs

A self-diagnostic engine like ADDM built inside the database is essential to good system performance
Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

.C IA D

Tasks Alerts AWR Adv

Automatic Workload Repository

External clients EM SQL*Plus

SGA

Efficient in-memory statistics collection

Internal clients

Q U LA ZA ET
V$ DBA_%

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

MMON

AWR snapshots

.C IA D
ADDM

O M
Self-tuning component

Tasks Alerts AWR Adv

Server Alert Models

EM console

EM alerts

Server alerts

Q U LA ZA ET
Agent

Poll metrics

Automatic notification

Server alerts queue

.C IA D

Data dictionary

Oracle Oracle Database 10g Database 10g (SGA) (SGA) MMON

Server polls itself

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

AWR metrics

Tasks Alerts AWR Adv

DBMS_SCHEDULER Package

Prioritization

Job class
Job metadata

Program

Arguments

Q U
Change prioritization
Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

Window

Arguments

N
Job

.C IA D O M

Schedule
When? How many times?

Tasks Alerts AWR Adv

Advisory Framework

SQL Tuning Advisor Memory ADDM

SQL Access Advisor

Q
Space Undo Advisor

PGA

PGA Advisor Buffer Cache Advisor Library Cache Advisor

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET N

SGA

.C IA D O M

Segment Advisor

ADDM: Reactive versus Proactive Performance Monitoring

In-memory statistics MMON Snapshots

U LA ZA ET
Alerts ADDM

DBA

Reactive monitoring

Proactive monitoring

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

N .C IA D O M
ADDM results AWR

Other Important Enhancement Areas

Automatic Storage Management (ASM) Automatic shared memory management Human error correction High availability

LA ZA ET

Backup and recovery optimization Data Guard (logical and physical standby databases) Online redefinition LogMiner

Performance (wait interface, end-to-end tracing) BI and data warehousing

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

.C IA D

Automatic Storage Management (ASM)

ASM is a database service that provides: Load balancing in parallel across disk drives Prevention of disk space fragmentation Online disk space reorganization Data redundancy to provide fault tolerance
ASM can be built on top of vendor-supplied storage mechanisms

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

.C IA D

O M

Human Error Correction

Flashback Query
Query data at some point-in-time in the past

Flashback Versions Query

View changes made over time at the row level

Flashback Transaction Query

View changes made at the transaction level

Flashback Database Flashback Table Flashback Drop

New strategy for doing point-in-time recovery Recover tables to a specified point in time Undrop a table (recycle bin)

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

.C IA D

O M

The Future ?
Databases are vital, and getting more so every day. Life sciences, content management, Real-time business intelligence Security and availability Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Databases versus operating systems Taking advantage of new types of hardware

The big challenge for companies like Oracle: Taking academic research results and applying it in practical terms.
Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

.C IA D

O M

ANSI/ISO SQL Language

SQL-86 and SQL-87 SQL-89 added referential integrity SQL-92
One standard with multiple conformance levels

CLI-95 and PSM-96 SQL:1999

Introduced multiple parts and named features Some parts were backported to SQL-92

OLB:2000 and JRT:2002 SQL:2003 bug fixing release

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

N .C IA D O M

ANSI/ISO SQL Conformance

SQL-86/87/89 SQL-92

Levels 1 and 2

Entry/Transitional/Intermediate/Full levels

SQL:1999 and SQL:2003 Conformance testing

Core SQL, plus named features and packages FIPS 127: SQL-92 only NIST (formerly NBS) did conformance testing until 1996; political changes eliminated NIST testing

Q U
Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

.C IA D

SQL:1999 and SQL:2003 Parts

1. Framework 2. Foundation 3. Call Level Interface (CLI) 4. Persistent Stored Modules (PSM) 5. Host Language Bindings (gone in SQL:2003) 9. Management of External Data (MED) 10. Object Language Bindings (OLB) 11. Information and Definition Schemata 13. Java Routines and Types (JRT) 14. XML Related Specifications (XML)

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

.C IA D

The Future of ANSI/ISO SQL

The current expectation is that the SQL language will go into maintenance mode after SQL:2003 Main area of further development: SQL/XML

Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET

N .C IA D O M

Questions and Answers

Q U
Copyright 2003, Oracle. All rights reserved.

LA ZA ET N .C IA D O M