1

1917
.


.



.

" "
.

. "
"" "
.
2000

" :
".

.
2



.
.


.




.


.

.
3


.
" "

.


.

..

..



..

.


.
4

.
..

.
.



.
" "


..
.

: .

.
1812

.

" :
:
.

".

.
(!!)

 45 .
:

30 .

" : ".

30
.

) .
(

.

.

.

(
" ") .
.
.

.

 .
.

.

.

.


.


. 58

. " :
" .

 . 250

.



" ".


.

.

.
-

" :
".

"
"
. " "
.

.

60
.

( )

. .


.

.

.
1871
.
" :
.
".

11

" " .

.


.
.


.


.

.
( )


. .
.1917


.

.
.

11



.



.

:

)1 .
)2 .
)3

.
)4 .


3040

"
" .
.

.

.
.


" " .

12


. 1895
1919

.

.


.

30 1933 .

.

.

.


.1883
.

13

 .1883


11 .
.
.

http://www.e-socialists.net/node/4198 :
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/6267 :
:
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/5657

14



.




.
( )



.

- -



.

15

.
(
)



.

16





- .







.
"
"

!!.




.
( )

17

.



.

.




. "

"
.

18


.
19171923



1939 -1936
.

1968
1976 -75


1917 .


( ) .
1917
( )

19


.




.



(
)
.


.



.
.

.
- -

.

1917

21

 .



(
)

.


.






.

" "

.

21

 - -
.

( )


.

.

"
"


.

22












.

" "





.

.

23

( ).

.



.

24

 .





.

""


.
.1917
( )

" :

" . " :

25


".





( )

.

"
".




.

26


.




.

:
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/5514 :
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/5485 :
http://www.e- :
)socialists.net/node/5708

27

" ".


.

.

.


.

.
1917

: .
"

".

28

1917
.
(

) .



.
1917 10
.

" :

" .
" :
! .1792

.. ..
.. .. "
.


.
.

29

.
1917

.


. 1918

. 1919

. .
1979
.
( )
( )
.

.
.
1949 .
" "
.

31

 .
.

: .
.
. 1965

.
.
.

.


.

.
.


.

31


.

.

.


.

26 " " .
! .

.


.

" " 1902
( )


.

32




.
.
(

) .
1923 "

" " "

.

.


.


.

.

: " ..
!" .

33





.

.
( ) .

.



.


.

:
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/4307 :
http://www.e- :
socialists.net/node/4261

34

 " "

.

.

.

.


:
.
"

.
.



.

35

.

".

.

.

.
" " :
" ".

1772

.

.


.

36

.

.

.

!

. 3
1996
125
.
45
.

37

.
1988
.
.

1832
.
.

.

.

.

.
.

1857
!
! 100 .

38

1973


.
.

" " .1956

" :
" .

39

 " "
. !

"

..
..

".

.

.
.
20

.
8 1932

.

.
.
1957 " "

.

41

.
1973
.
1976
" :

.

".

. (

)
.

" :
)".
(

41

.
.
" "
.

.

-
. .




.

:
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/1596 :
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/4098 :

42



. 1947

.

.
.

.

.

43


1991 -89! .


.1985 -84


.

.



. 1991 -89

.

.

: .

1917

.

44



.

( )1923 -1918

.

: 1936 1945 -44 1956
1968 1974 1979 .1981 -80
1923
.

.
.

45

.
.

.

.

.

1928 1520

.


" ".

.
.

46

 " :
".

" :
".

1928
" ".

.
(
).

10.4 17
28 25.4

44.2

.
.

4.7

47

 5.1 4.9

4.7 . 20

. :
270
227

177 159 .
.%40

.

.

.

.


.
.

1947

.


%99 %100

48

 1947 %140 (!!) .

"
" .

1940 (!!) .

.
"

" .

.
.

. .
.

49

 .
.
.

1847 "

" " " .

" "

.


.

.


.

.

.

51

.


.

.

. .
.

" "

.
1830
.
.


.

51




.
.


.
" "
. .

.
:
.
.
1939
.

"
".

" ".

1940 .
.
1941

52


" :

" . 1943

" "

"
" .

.

.
.

"
" " "
.
1941 "

"

" " .

.




. 1940

53

 ".

"
.

.

60

.
.
1990
"
" . " : .
.

" .

50 20 (!!)

54

 .
"

. ".

!
.

.




.
.

:
http://www.e- :
socialists.net/node/3972
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/1618 :
http://www.e- :
socialists.net/node/4851

55



.1905



.
.

.
-


.

.


8
.

56



. "
"
" .1905
".

.1917 1914
:

(
"
)

".
8



.

.

.


.

"

" .

57

 .


.

:
.

.1871


.


.
.


.

58

.


:
)1


.

.

)2

.
)3

.

)4

59



.
.

)5 "
.

" .
"
".
)6
.

1926 %66 %22

%5 . 1928

"

" .

%10 1928 %3 1929 %2.5 1930

%1.6
.

61

19 .1929
1937

"

" .

.

1949
.


.

"

".

( )

" ..
.

61

 -
-


".
.
22 1949
" :
.
.

.
".
:

"
".
" :
".




. " "

" "
:

62


"

..

".

" :

( )

. "

".

9 1958
.

" "

:
"

.
".

63

 " ....

"
:

" .

".
" :
1958
180 8.3

" .

" """ . " "
" ":

"

".

" "

1956

" " :

"
".

" "
:

"
.

64

 .

".
"

. .
".





.

. " Oront of

."febreary
" :
.

".
1958 " ":

" 26
. .
1940

65

 .

".
"
" "" :

".



1958 1953
.

16 1961
" " . " . "
" :
".
!


(
)
) .
(

66




: :
" " :
"


" " .
.

".
" " :
.
"


".


.

(
).



:

67

"

.

".
" ":

"
.
".
:
"
".


" "
" ".

68




. " " " ".
" " . .


.
.


.

.

.
.

:
.1
.
.
.2

69


.
.3
.




.
" "

"
".

. " "
" "
" " " "



" ".

" " .

( :

71

).

.


.
"

" " "
.
.
.

.

" "
.
.

.

.

.

:

71

 .
.
" "
.

.

.
.

" "
" "

.
.
.

.

. " "
( .
).


" " ( / )1958 ( %67
. ) %72 . ( .
1943
.)%16

72





: .

" :
".

19051917 1927 1925 .

" " " "
"
".

.



" "

. " " " "
"" " "
.

"
" . :

73

 :


( )
.

:

.

" " .

" "

.
.

:
:
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/1635
:
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/4395
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/1838 :
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/3853 :

74


.


.
" "
.

. .

.
.

75

. .

.

.

.
.

. .

.

.


.
. :

76

.

!

.1902
.

.

.

.

.

.

.

"
".

77

"
" .

. .

.
"
. " . " :
. 10

" .

70
15 .

.
.
.
.

http://www.e-socialists.net/node/5579 :
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/5145 :

78


30 1933 .
.
1932
7.2 6

. 13.2
11.7 1.5 .



" :

.

".
"
.

.

" " .

79



12 9 .




.
30 1933
( ) .

.
" :
.
".

. 14 1931
"


" .
.

81


.
" " 23
:

"

( )
.


.

".


" "
" : :
.
.
.
. .
".
28 ( 1933 )
" "
"
."1917 22 1933

81

 "
".

1974
6001.6


.

. 1976 44
(
. 1977
)
11963 (

%5 % 0.5 )1973
33 .
1977
.
2000

8000
.

1977
.

82

 . 1979
80

6 .
( 35
) (5000 ) ( )8000
( )5000 ( )2000 ( )2000 (10

) .
%54
%77
.%40

. 17
1998
3000 .

44 1976119

.1977
:

.

.

83

. 1974

%0.74
1981

%0.5 . 1981

1984
%11 2 . 1986

35

.

1997

%15

5 .%6

84

 )(SOS

"

" .

70

" "
" ".

:
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/5188
: :1940 -1923
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/3673

85

() . 1789





.

.
.

.
.
.

1895
. .


.

219 1998

18 2008

86

 .

. " :1895


.

".

. "

..
".
.

. "

..

".
.1903

.

. "

".

87



. 12 1895 "

".

!


.


.


.

.
.

.

( )

88

.

1945

.

19361939
.

.



. 19

1898
.

.
.

89

 .

:
".



2 1917
.
"

".




.
.


.
.


.


. 22 1938 " :
.

91



..

".


.

1938

.
%70

. 17 20
.
.

.




.
.


.

.

91



.1948
1948 1967 1973
. 3,4


.

: 1917
%2,5 1948
%5,7 %95 1967
%5.
.

.

.



.
.



. .
.

92


(
) .



.



.
.

.
.


.




.

.

.

.

.

. .

93

1968
. 11-10
( )

.
.

.
.
13

.

. 14

. 15 - 16


. 19

94

. 20
10

:
.
.

24

.

. 27

.%35


30 .



.
" "( )

95

 .

-
.
" "
.


" " .

.
.
1968
.
.

.

. 20
(!!).

.
80 %90
.

96

.

.



.

.

1917
1968

.1917

.

" "

.
.

.

97

.
.


.

.1917

.
1917

. .



.

98

 2730
.
.
.

.

.
.
( 1917 ..

)

. "

".

1917 23
%2.5 .
.

" ..

" . :

. : -
( . ).

99

 1968
400 : .

.
.
13

.

...

.
68

.
.

. 1917

1905
.

" . ..
.. ..
" .
!

111


.

.

.1968
. 1973

.
.

.
.
.
1968

:
:1968 http://www.e- :
socialists.net/node/4387
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/5563 :
http://www.e- :
socialists.net/node/4024

111

 23 1917
. 200

. 25
.



.

.1905
.


" .. 23
".

"
" .

"
" .

112


23 . 25
200

.
15001600
40 %2,5 .

. .

.

15 .
40 .
:

.
.
.

.3

113

 "
".



"
"
.

3 1917 .
.
" " " .. ".


.

" " .16

13
.

114

.
.

.
.
10
.

. 16


.
20 .
25

115



.1917


. 16
.

. -
.
" :
".

1917

. 1917


.

500

.
" " ( . ).

116


.
" .
" .
.
"

.
".

.

.


500 1881 .

.


( ) ( )
( )

117


.

1917

3040
.

.
.

:
. .

.

(!!)

118

.
3
160 .



: - 40
.
.

.
8

. .1905

.
1867

119

:
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/1862 :
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/848 :
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/6173 :
1917 :
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/3973

111

.


.
"
. 100
" .

-
.

. 1933 8

111

.
.

.
" "

. 1956 "

"

112

.


.

.

.

.
.

:
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/1588 :

http://www.e-socialists.net/node/5735 :
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/1570 :
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/5727 :

113

.
:

. .

.
.




.

.

114


.
1918
. " " " "

" " .
.
.

.
. :

" " .
" " :1789
" " .

.

1923 .
1919 1923
[ ] .
.

1934 1936


. "

115

 " . 1936
.
.
.

.1938
1936

.1940
1949
.
" " .

.
.

:
.
.
. 1965
.
.

.
[ ]1958 .

116

.


. .


.
.1979
( ) .
" "

.

.
19191956
1923 1927-1925 1936 1968
.1975 -1974



.
1917 "
" . 1917 :

117

 .
.
1917
.
.
.

.
" " .

.
.

.


.


" : .

".
[]1917

.
" :

118

 ..

.

.
" .
.
.
"

!
".


1848 :
. " :
...



.
" : ".

.

119

 .
.

.1917
.
. " :
.

".
1917

.


.
" "
" : " .
. " :
".

:
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/909 :
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/3977 :

121

.

.

" " .

.
.

.

.

.

.
.

121


.

.

4

%23 %10
%0.5 .

.

.
200
5
.
.
.


.

122


1902

.

.





.
.

.
.

.



.

123

.
( ) .

.

.

.

.
.
. " :
".

: http://www.e- :
socialists.net/node/6080
http://www.e- :
socialists.net/node/6349

124


.1883

.


.

.

.


.
.

.

.

!!.

125

.

.
:
.

. .

.
"

"

1905 .1917

.

.
.
. 1917

126

 1918
- 1919
1920-21

1923 .

1916 "

" . 1920

200

.
.1933-1929
8
4

13

.

1995
.
.

127

1936 .

.
-
.
.


.
.
.
.

.

.

.

.
1917
.

:
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/4989 :
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/5567 :
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/5586 :

128

 1848
" .
.

".


.
. .
.

.


.

129

( )1618-48 .
.


.

.

.

.

131

20


.
(!!)

.

" " .

1919
.

.


.1929-33
-

5 . 13
.
.1933
.

131

1995
.1936

.
.
.

.
8 6

. .
" "

132

 1936

.

1936

"
" 1944
.

.

. :
.
"
".
.
.

.1883 " ".

133

. " "
"
".

:
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/929 :
http://www.e-socialists.net/node/6285 :

" "

.

...
.
134