Chapter 4

SIMULATION & RESULT

4.1: Analysis of single band inverted-L antenna:

Length(l)

Height(h) Ground Plane

Feed Fig.4.1: Single Band Inverted L Antenna. Fig4.1 shows the geometry of the resultant Single band inverted-L antenna. The height & length of this antenna is 8 mm & 32 mm respectively. So dimension of this antenna is 32 mm 8 mm. The radius of this proposed single band antenna is 1mm. proposed antenna provides small dimensions which can be mounted in small devices like cell phone to access the Wi-Fi and mobile WiMAX networks.

Table 4.1: Dimensions of single band inverted-L antenna:

Antenna Parameters l h Length (mm) 32 8 Radius (mm) 3.2 1.5 Antenna Dimension (mm2) 328

4.1.1Numerical simulations result:

The proposed antenna is constructed and numerically analyzed using NEC4 Software.The numerical results of the antenna are shown below. The proposed antenna provides appreciable return loss than the commonly required return loss level of -10dB. From Figure 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 the single band inverted-L antenna has the VSWR 1.056 with return loss 31.3 dB and total Forward gain of 5.98 dBi at 5.575 GHz .

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SIMULATION & RESULT

0 -5 -10
S11(dB)

-15 -20 -25 -30 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Frequency(GHz)

Fig.4.2: Return loss of single band inverted-L antenna. From Figure 4.2, the band has a -10 dB return loss bandwidth of 800 MHz (5150 5950 MHz) .

4.2: Analysis of double band loaded inverted-L antenna:

Length(l)

Height(h) Ground Plane

Feed Fig.4.3: Geometry of Inverted-L Antenna. The proposed antenna is constructed and numerically analyzed using 4NEC Software. Here we varied its length(l), height(h) and radius(r) but we dose not get the desired output. The proposed antenna does not provide return loss greater than the commonly required return loss level of 10dB. From Figure 4.4,.4.5,4.6 which iare shown below ,we can have a clear look.

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SIMULATION & RESULT

0 -2
S11(dB)

0 -2
S11(dB)

-4 -6 -8 0
_l=22 mm --l=17 mm ..l=12 mm

-4 -6 -8
_r=1mm --r=2mm ..r=3mm

Frequency(GHz)

Frequency(GHz)

Fig. 4.4: Effects of length(l) on the return loss as a function of frequency.

Fig. 4.5: Effects of radius(r) on the return loss as a function of frequency.

2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18

S11(dB)

_h=10 mm ---h=5 mm ...h=15 mm

Frequency(GHz)

Fig. 4.6: Effects of height(h) on the return loss as a function of frequency. So we modified the above structure to get desired out put.

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Chapter 4

SIMULATION & RESULT

4.3: Modified structure-1 of inverted-L antenna:

Height(h)

Ground Plane

Feed Fig. 4.7: Modified structure-1. This antenna is analyzed using 4NEC Software. Here we varied its height(h).The result is shown below.
2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18

S11(dB)

_h=10 mm ---h=5 mm ...h=15 mm

Frequency(GHz)

Fig. 4.8: Effects of height(h) on the return loss as a function of frequency.

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Chapter 4

SIMULATION & RESULT

4.4: Modified structure-2 of inverted-L antenna:

Length(l)

Height(h)

Ground Plane

Feed Fig. 4.9: Modified structure-2. By using 4NEC Software we analyzed this structure. Here we varied its length(l), and height(h). The results are given below.

0 -5
S11(dB)

0 -5
S11(dB)
_l=20 mm ---l=15 mm ...l=10 mm

-10 -15 -20 -25 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-10 -15 -20 -25 0 1 2 3 4 5

_r=.7 mm ---r=1 mm ...r=2 mm

Frequency(GHz)

Frequency(GHz)

Fig. 4.10: Effects of length l on the return loss as a function of frequency.

Fig 4.11: Effects of radius(r) on the return loss as a function of frequency.

Thus we analyzed various structures .

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Chapter 4

SIMULATION & RESULT

4.5: Modified structure-3 of inverted-L antenna:

Length(l)

Height(h)

Ground Plane

Feed Fig. 4.12: Modified structure-3. By using 4NEC Software and varying its length(l) and height(h) we analyzed this structure. The results are given below.
5 0 -5 -10
S11(dB)
S11(dB)

5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35

_r=4.89 mm ---r=4 mm ...r=5 mm

-15 -20 -25 -30 -35 0

_h=3 mm ---h=4 mm ...h=5 mm

Frequency(GHz)

Frequency(GHz)

Fig. 4.13: Effects of height(h) on the return loss as a function of frequency.

Fig. 4.14: Effects of radius(r) on the return loss as a function of frequency.

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Chapter 4

SIMULATION & RESULT

4.6:Final structure of loaded inverted-L antenna:

(l5)
Length(l1)

Length(l2)

Height(h1)

Height(h2)

Length(l3)

(h3) Height(h4) (l4) (l6)

Height(h5)

Ground Plane

Feed Fig. 4.15: Final Modified structure.

Fig4.15 shows the geometry of the resultant Double band inverted-L antenna. The height & length of this antenna is 23mm & 27 mm respectively. So dimension of this antenna is23 mm 27mm. Proposed antenna provides small dimensions which can be mounted in small devices like cell phone to access the Wi-Fi and mobile WiMAX networks.

Table 4.2: Dimensions of dual band loaded inverted-L antenna:

Antenna Parameters l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l6 h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 Length (mm) 8 22 22 20 1 8 4 5 7 3 10 Radius (mm) 2 .7 1 1 1.14 1 .06 .8 1 4.89 1 Antenna Dimension (mm2)

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SIMULATION & RESULT

4.7 Numerical simulations result:

The proposed antenna is constructed and numerically analyzed using 4NEC Software. The numerical results of the antenna are shown below. The proposed antenna provides appreciable return loss than the commonly required return loss level of -10dB. From Figure 4.16,4.20,and 4.17,the double band inverted-L antenna has the VSWR 1.1798with return loss -21.673 and total Forward gain of 6.5dBi at 3.35 GHz as well as VSWR1.05881with return loss -30.883 dB in association with total gain of 11.34dBi at the frequency of 5.5GHz.

0 -5 -10
S11(dB)

20
Forward Gain

10 0 -10 -20

-15 -20 -25 -30 -35 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-30

Frequency(GHz)

Frequency(GHz)

Fig.4.16: Return loss of loaded inverted-L antenna.

Fig.4.17: Forward gain of loaded inverted-L antenna.

From Figure 4.16 the lower band has a -10 dB return loss bandwidth of 150MHz (3300 3450MHz) covering the 3.35 GHz band for mobile WiMAX operation. The medium band shows a bandwidth of 300 MHz (5450 5550 MHz) covering the 5.5 GHz band for the Wi-Fi operation. Figure 4.17 shows the gain variation of the antenna from 0 MHz to 9000 MHz The gain of the antenna is 12.2 dBi at 6.5 dBi at 5.5GHz and. Therefore the antenna has stable gain at both operating bands.

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Chapter 4
3500 3000
Impedence(ohms)

SIMULATION & RESULT

80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Frequeny(GHz)

Phase

Frequency(GHz)

Fig.4.18: Impedence of loaded inverted-L antenna.

Fig.4.19: Phase of loaded inverted-L antenna.

5000 4000 3000

SWR

2000 1000 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frequency(GHz)

Fig.4.20: SWR of loaded inverted-L antenna.

The radiation patterns of the antenna in vertical and horizontal plane are shown below by Figures 4.21, 4.22, 4.23, 4.24, and4.25. From the radiation pattern, the antenna has acceptable

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SIMULATION & RESULT

radiation characteristics at two operating frequencies bands in horizontal and vertical planes

0 330 30 0 300 60 -15 270 90 -15 120 0 240 210 180 150
Fig.4.21: Total gain Vs vertical Plane.

0 -15 -30 -30 -15 0

-34.5 60 -36.0 -37.5 -39.0 270 90 -39.0 -37.5 240 120 -36.0 -34.5 210 180 150

330 300

360 0

30

330 300 270

360 0

30 60 90

240 120 210 180 150

Fig.4.22: Vertical gain Vs vertical Plane.

Fig.4.23: Total gain Vs Horizontal Plane.

-11.70 -11.85 -11.85 -11.70

0.0 60 -0.8 -1.6 270 90 -1.6 -0.8 240 120 0.0 210 180 150
.

330 300

30

120 150 180

90

60 30 0

330 210 240 270 300

Fig.4.24: Horizontal gain Vs Horizontal Plane.

Fig.4.25: Vertical gain Vs Horizontal Plane.

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Chapter 4

SIMULATION & RESULT

The numerical result shows that, the proposed antenna is suitable for Both Wi-Fi and WiMAX operation. It also has high gain at both operating frequencies with satisfactory bandwidth. at 5.5GHz Wi-Fi operation and 3.35GHz mobile WiMAX operation.

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