Gii php nng cao hiu qu v hiu sut s dng h Bin tn - ng c khng ng b ba pha Solutions improve efficiency of inverter

induction motor system

ThS. V Xun Hng B mn Trang b in - in t Khoa in - in t, i hc Giao thng Vn ti TS. Trn Vn Thnh Khoa in, i hc Bch khoa H Ni

Tm tt: Bi bo ny trnh by mt s kt qu nghin cu, phn tch, nh gi nhm nng cao hiu qu, hiu sut s dng h bin tn - ng c khng ng b ba pha. Summary: This paper presents the results of the researchs, analyses and estimations helping for improving efficiency of inverter- induction motor system. 1. t vn

Trong cc x nghip cng nghip vic s dng ng c in truyn chuyn ng cho cc my sn xut l ph bin. Khi lp t mt ng c in cho mt chuyn ng no , chng ta cn ch ti cc thng s nh l cng sut, hiu sut, cos, mmen, phng php iu chnh tc .v.v. Hin nay vic s dng ng c in nhiu ni cn nhiu lng ph. Ch cn kho st s qua mt vi x nghip chng ta cng c th thy ngay nhng bt hp l . Nhng bt hp l c th do li chn phng n thit k, ng c thng xuyn chy non ti, hoc do li vn hnh khng ng ch .v.v. in hnh nht trong vic lng ph trn m chng ta c th khc phc c l s dng ng c khng hp l, la chn phng n iu khin thch hp, ci t ch iu khin ng c ph hp vi tnh cht ti. ng c in khi s dng khng hp l s c hiu sut, cos thp, my lm vic n rung, chng hng. Trong bi bo ny chng ti s trnh by mt s kt qu nghin cu, phn tch, nh gi nhm khc phc cc nhc im trn v nng cao hiu qu, hiu sut h bin tn - ng c khng ng b ba pha (C KB). 2. Gii php nng cao cht lng v hiu qu s dng h Bin tn - C KB ba pha + Khi C KB lm vic vi bin tn, do in p khng sin lm tng tn hao ph trong ng c - tn hao b mt v tn hao p mch, bin tn s pht ra sng tn s cao lm nh hng n cc thit b in khc. Ngoi thnh phn mmen do sng c bn sinh ra cn c cc mmen p mch do sng hi bc cao sinh ra lm cho tc ng c b dao ng, ng c pht ra ting n ln. V vy ta cn phi tm cch nng cao cht lng in p u ra ca bin tn: Tng tn s sng mang fc ln th in p s gn hnh sin hn, tuy nhin gi tr fc b gii hn bi kh nng ng ct ca van bn dn, ca vi mch iu khin v ch c th vn hnh trong gi tr cho php ca nh sn xut (v d bin tn Micromaster 420 ca Siemens fc 16 kHz). S dng kt hp vi b lc sng hi bc cao, tuy gii php ny n gin, hiu qu nhng lm tng gi thnh ca thit b bin tn v cng knh.

L C

L1

C1 C2

3 L2

Hnh 1: a) B lc thng thp LC b) B lc cng hng + S dng phng php iu ch xung ti u gim tn tht nng lng trong qu trnh ng ct van bn dn, la chn phng php iu ch thch hp tn dng ti a cng sut ngun mt chiu. V d phng php PWM 60o: gim tn hao ng ct ca van bn dn, ngi ta san phng nh sng iu bin trong khong t 600 n 1200 v t 2400 n 3000 (trong mt chu k tnh theo in) [7]. Nh , cc van bn dn cng sut c gi nguyn trng thi ca n trong 1/3 chu k, kt qu l hn ch c tn tht nng lng do chuyn mch gy ra. + Thc hin chuyn mch mm, chuyn mch cng hng [10]: Ngi ta to ra mch cng hng c iu khin, sao cho khi chuyn mch in p trn van bng khng (gi l chuyn mch ZVS - Zero Voltage Switching) hoc dng in qua van bng khng (gi l chuyn mch ZCS - Zero Current Switching). Nh vy chuyn mch cng hng, chuyn mch mm gim c tn hao khi ng ct, gim c cc ng sut do chuyn mch gy ra (tc bin thin in p du/dt, tc bin thin dng in di/dt), cho php lm vic vi tn s ng ct cao n hng trm kHz, trit tiu c nh hng ca nhiu in t.
Ldc

Tdc AC Cdc

Tr1 Lr Tr2

T1
Cr

D1

T3

D3

T5

D5

T4

D4 T 6

D6

T2

D2

AC/DC

Mch cng hng

DC/AC

Hnh 2: Nghch lu chuyn mch mm + Tn dng nng lng trong ch hm ti sinh tr v li, bng cch phi hp iu khin c phn chnh lu v nghch lu: tn dng c nng lng tr v li khi ng c lm vic ch hm ti sinh, th ta c th s dng s hnh 3. Tuy nhin s ny kh phc tp lm tng gi thnh thit b c phn mch ng lc v mch iu khin (phi dng 2 DSP thng thng hoc mt DSP kp c chc nng nh 2 DSP thng thng) nn thng ch thy trong cc thit b cng nghip c cng sut ln, hay tu in. Nghin cu ch hm ti sinh ca bin tn bng cch s dng chnh lu transistor cho php to ra c h truyn ng c c tnh ng rt tt, c hiu sut bin i nng lng cao, ci thin ng k hnh dng ca dng in li.Trong nhiu trng hp khc, vic phi hp lm vic gia chnh lu v nghch lu cn gip gim ng k dung lng ca t lc trong mch mt chiu, iu ny cho php ch to cc b bin tn hoc c kch thc v khi lng nh, hoc s dng cc t du c tui th v an ton lm vic cao.

D11

T11

D31 T31

D51 T51 C

T12

D12 T32

D32 T52

D52

D41

T41

D61 T61

D21 T21

T42

D42 T62

D62 T22

D22 C

KB

Hnh 3: H bin tn - CKB c kh nng tr nng lng v li khi hm ti sinh + i vi h bin tn PWM th khi vn hnh ta cn phi la chn lut iu khin U/fx v ci t tham s ph hp vi c tnh ti [3]. Bi v lut iu khin U/fx n lin quan ti thi gian khi ng ca ng c, lin quan ti kh nng hn ch dng in khi ng, lin quan ti tn tht nng lng trong qu trnh ng, thm tr nu khng ci t thch hp ng c c th khng khi ng c. Di y l mt s kt qu kho st C KB 14 kW dy 3K160M4 ko ti c mmen Mt=Const, minh chng cho nhn nh trn: Trng hp c tnh U/f thch hp : Uboost =5%Ub, tq = 0.6 sec, flv=50 Hz. Dng c gii hn trong phm vi cho php, tc tng u, tn tht nng lng khng qu ln.

Hnh 4 a) Dng in, mmen, tc

b) Tn hao ng

Trng hp Uboost qu b, vi ti c tnh th nng th vng ng c b quay ngc s tng, tn hao nng lng trong qu trnh ng tng. Trng hp tqd qu b hoc Uboost qu ln, dng khi ng s ln, tn hao ng tng trong qu trnh ng, mmen dao ng mnh. V d tq = 0.4 sec, Uboost =20%Ub (ci t gi tr ny qu ln), flv=50 Hz:

Hnh 5 a) Dng in, mmen, tc

b) Tn hao ng

+ iu khin ti u mmen quay: Ta phi tn dng ti a kh nng ca ng c v thit b bin tn to ra mmen quay vi dng in b nht hoc to ra mmen quay ti a khi dng in v in p b gii hn. thc hin gii php ti u mmen quay, hin nay c cc bin tn lm vic theo nguyn l iu khin trc tip mmen (DTC: Direct Torque Control) ta theo t thng stato, iu khin vect ta theo t thng rto. Tuy nhin thc hin vic iu khin ti u mmen quay th cn phi s dng chip DSP c chnh xc cao, tc tnh ton nhanh v thut ton iu khin cng phc tp hn so vi bin tn PWM iu khin theo lut U/fx, do gi thnh ca thit b bin tn ny kh cao, thng ch s dng trong cc ng dng c bit. Hnh 6 c tnh mmen v tc ca h iu khin vect Bin tn - C KB trong ta theo ta t thng rto, c nhn dng hng s thi gian trong qu trnh ng. 3. iu khin ti u nng lng h bin tn iu khin vect - C KB Khi thit k h thng iu khin ng c in xoay chiu, vn vn hnh ti u v phng din nng lng c gi mt vai tr quan trng. Tn hao lm lng ph nng lng v tng nhit ng c buc nh thit k phi c nhng gii php hu ch. Cc thit b in t cng sut hin i c th t c hiu sut ti 98%, ng c c cng sut trung bnh v ln c th t ti 95% ti im lm vic danh nh. Ngc lai, ch non ti hiu sut c th gim ng k. Mt vn ny sinh khi xt hin tng thit b iu khin chu cc gii hn v dng v p. Khi , vic iu khin cc bin trng thi (t thng rotor, dng in stator) phi c thc hin sao cho lun lun tn dng c thit b truyn ng, tn dng ng c mt cch ti a.

Hnh 6: Kt qu m phng iu khin mmen quay trn c s p t nhanh dng in stato trong h iu khin vec t FOC. Phng php iu khin ta t thng rto cho ta mt cng c mnh: bng cch p t chnh xc hai thnh phn dng to t thng v to mmen quay, ta c th iu khin cch ly hai i lng ny. Vi mmen l mt i lng c lp ph thuc vo ti, nn cng c cn li iu khin ti u l t thng rto. Mc ch iu khin ti u l s dng ti a ng c theo cc iu kin c th. Ngha l: hoc sinh mmen quay vi dng in stator b nht, hoc l sinh ra mmen ti a vi dng in gii hn. Vic ny nu thnh cng th ti u mmen ta thu c dng in nh nht, hay ni cch khc c hiu sut tt nht. Nguyn tc iu khin ti u hiu sut: C hai phng n iu khin ti u hiu sut: Phng n 1: D tm im cc tiu tn tht nng lng. T biu thc tnh cng sut in cp cho ng c ch xc lp:

P1 =

3 3 3 * Re(us. i S ) = Re ((uSd + juSq ).(iSd jiSq )) = (uSdiSd + uSqiSq ) 2 2 2

(1)

Hoc: P1=pcu + pfe + Pc =

L2 3 2 2 Rsisd + (Rs + (1 ) Rr )isq + (1 )Lsisd isq ; = 1 m Ls Lr 2

(2)

Dng thut ton d tm chiu bin thin t thng rto thch hp, tm gi tr cc tiu cng sut in cp cho ng c (tnh theo biu thc trn hoc o trc tuyn) tc l tn hao cng sut t gi tr cc tiu. Phng n 2: Cn bng hai thnh phn tn hao ph thuc vo t thng v mmen. Cng thc tnh cc loi tn hao nng lng: pcu=

3 2 2 R s isd + (R s + (1 ) R r )isq 2
2

(3)

3 ( s ) 3 ( s Lm isd ) 2 pfe= ; trong : Rfe R feN s 2 R fe 2 R fe sN

Biu thc tnh tng tn hao nng lng trong C KB:

(4)

Ngoi ra cn c tn hao ph, tn hao ph thng c tnh gn ng bng kz.pcu, vi kz 0,3.

p = (1 + k ) p + p = (1 + k ) R +
z cu fe z s

3 2

L
sN

2 m

i + ((1 + k )( R + (1 ) R )i
2 2 s

(5)

sd

sq

feN

2 2 p = a.isd + b.isq = p1 + p 2 ; p1 = f (isd ), p 2 = f (i sq )

(6)

Vi gi thit mmen quay khng i ch xc lp: M isdisq = const ta thu c iu kin cng sut tn hao b nht l: p1 = p2 , tc l thnh phn tn hao ph thuc vo dng to t thng v thnh phn tn hao ph thuc vo dng to mmen phi bng nhau. thc hin phng n ny, ta tnh ton trc tuyn (on - line) hai thnh phn tn hao trn, so snh chng vi nhau v dng mt khu iu chnh PI iu chnh modul t thng rto sao cho hai thnh phn tn hao cn bng vi nhau (hnh 7), khi tn hao nng lng l nh nht [3, 9].

Rs Rfe isd, s

p1 (isd)

PI

*r

isq

p 2 (isq)
Rr, Rs

Hnh 7: iu khin t thng rto cn bng hai thnh phn tn tht nng lng

4. Nhng khuyn co khi la chn phng n truyn ng in Bi ton kh i vi cc nh sn xut l chn cch u t nh th no cho hp l. Khi i vi mt h thng truyn ng in, cn chn gia vic s dng ng c khng iu khin vi ng c c iu khin. Trong cc phng php iu khin th chn phng php no. Trn quan im v cht lng lm vic ca h thng truyn ng in v tit kim nng nng lng chng ti khuyn co: i vi nhng loi ti c ng c lm vic ht cng sut v khng cn iu chnh tc hay mt thng s no , th nn chn ng c in khng ng b khng iu khin. Bi v phng n ny vn u t thp v vn hnh n gin. i vi nhng loi ti ch cn iu khin trong qu trnh khi ng v hm ng c (trng hp ny thng gp i vi ng c cng sut ln), nn chn iu khin bng cc b khi ng mm bn dn. i vi nhng loi ti cn iu khin qu trnh khi ng, hm v c iu chnh tc c th chn phng n iu khin l ng c in mt chiu v xoay chiu. Nu dng ng c in xoay chiu th c th iu khin bng ly hp in t v iu khin bng bin tn. Trong cc phng php iu khin th s dng bin tn c nhiu u im hn vi cc l do sau: - Khi iu khin bng bin tn chng ta c th iu khin ti u hiu sut c nn tn hao nng lng thp hn, t c gi thnh chi ph nng lng in cho mt n v sn phm thp hn.

Khi iu khin bng bin tn chng ta c h s cng sut cos ca li cao hn. H s cng sut cos khi iu khin bng bin tn gn nh khng thay i khi iu chnh tn s. i vi nhng loi ti m ng c in thng cho lm vic non ti th vic s dng bin tn iu khin l phng n ti u hn c. i vi cc nh u t nu chn cht lng sn phm v tit kim nng lng l hng u th chn bin tn iu khin ng c l ti u hn c.
Ti liu tham kho

[1]. V Xun Hng, Trn Vn Thnh; Phng php tng hp v m phng h Bin tn iu khin vect - Nhn dng hng s thi gian rto; Tp ch Khoa hc GTVT, 3/2005. [2]. V Xun Hng, Trn Vn Thnh, H Mnh Tin; iu khin trc tip t thng stato v m men ca C KB s dng k thut iu ch SVM; Tp ch KH GTVT, 11/2005. [3]. V Xun Hng; Tnh ton tn tht nng lng trong qu trnh ng ca ng c khng ng b khi c cp in t bin tn PWM, Tp ch Khoa hc GTVT, 11/2003. [4]. Ti liu k thut v bin tn 3G3MV ca Omron; Bin tn Micromaster 420, Siemens.
[5]. N.R.N. Idris, A.H.M. Yatim; DTC of Induction Machines with Constant Switching Frequency and Reduced Torque Ripple; IEEE Transactions on IE; Volume 51, No 4, August 2004.

[6]. Domenico Casadei, others; FOC and DTC: Two Viable Schemes for Induction Motors Torque Control; IEEE Press; 2002. [7]. Richard Valentine, Motor Control Electronics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 1998. [8]. J. Vithayathil, Power Electronics - Principles &Applications, McGraw-Hill,Inc, 1996. [9]. Ng. Ph. Quang, A. Dittrich, Truyn ng in thng minh, Nh xut bn KHKT, 2002. [10]. L Vn Doanh, Trn Vn Thnh; in t cng sut, Nh xut bn KHKT, 2005.