Generators Generators are treated just like motors.

They are specified by kVA, subtransien t reactance, and transient reactance. The kVA will be listed on the generator n ameplate. Table 2 lists typical values of reactance for dc and four types of ac generators2. The four types are two-pole turbine, four-pole turbine, salient p ole with dampers and salient pole without dampers. Type of Generator Subtransient Reactance (per unit) nce (per unit) DC 0.15 0.30 2-Pole Turbine 0.09 0.15 4-Pole Turbine 0.14 0.23 Salient Pole with Dampers 0.20 0.30 Salient Pole without Dampers 0.30 0.30 Table 2 Reactance is calculated with the following formula. (Eq. 15) Where: XPU = per unit reactance V = voltage kVA = kilovolt-ampere rating Transient Reacta

Capacitors Capacitors are specified by kVAR on their nameplates. This is kVA reactive. If no tolerance is specified, 15% may be used. Capacitors will feed a short-circu it just like motors and generators. The following formula calculates reactance for a capacitor using a tolerance of 15%. (Eq. 16) Where: Rectifiers Efficiency is the only rating needed for rectifiers. If no efficiency rating is specified, 99% can be assumed. Current through the rectifier is reduced by the factor Efficiency (%) / 100. Minimum Available Current Minimum available current is calculated for a line to line arcing fault using th e following formula. (Eq. 17) Where: VLL = line to line voltage ZMAX = maximum impedance V = voltage kVAR = kilovolt-amperes reactive

This formula is used for AC and the DC output from a three phase rectifier. The factor of 0.95 accounts for voltage fluctuations. The maximum impedance is cal culated from the maximum resistances and reactances for all the elements in the circuit. For AC circuits, the current is further reduced by multiplying by an a rcing fault factor, KA. This factor is listed in Table 3 for various voltages3.

Voltage (V) KA V 480 0.85 480 < V 600 0.90 600 < V 1040 1040 < V 1.0 Table 3

0.95

For DC circuits the arc voltage depends on the current. First, the current is c alculated with Equation 17. If the calculated current is greater than or equal to 600 amperes, the arc voltage is 60 volts. If the calculated current is less than 600 amperes, the arc voltage is calculated with the following formula4. (Eq. 18) Where: I = initially calculated current

The voltage is then reduced by the arc voltage and the available current is reca lculated. Maximum Available Current Maximum available current for AC circuits is calculated for a three-phase bolted fault using the following equation. (Eq. 19) Where: VLL = line to line voltage ZMIN = minimum impedance

Maximum available current for DC circuits is calculated for a line to line bolte d fault using the following equation. (Eq. 20) Where: VLL = line to line voltage ZMIN = minimum impedance