LowPassFilterResponse Low PassFilterResponse

BW = fc Vo 1 0.707 Passband BW 0 fc f Ideal Gain (dB) 0 -20 -40 -60 60 fc 10fc 100fc 1000fc 0 00 000 f

Basic LPF response

LPF with different roll-off rates

HighPassFilterResponse High PassFilterResponse

Gain (dB) Vo 1 0.707 0 fc Basic HPF response Passband f 0 -20 -40 -60 60 0.0 0.01fc 0.1fc 0. fc f

HPF with different roll-off rates

BandPassFilterResponse Band PassFilterResponse

Vout 1 0.707 0 707 BW fc1 fo fc2 Centre frequency:

fo =

f c1 f c 2

Quality factor: Q = f o BW Q is an indication of the selectivity of a BPF. BPF Narrow BPF: Q > 10. Wide-band BPF: Q < 10. f Damping Factor: DF = 1 Q

BW = fc2 - fc1

BandStopFilterResponse B d St Filt R
Gain (dB) 0 -3

Passband

Passband

fc1 fo fc2 BW

Alsoknownasband reject,ornotchfilter. j hfil Frequencieswithina certainBWare rejected. Usefulforfiltering interferingsignals. g g

FilterResponse Characteristics
Av Chebyshev y

Bessel Butterworth f

NotesOnFilter Characteristics
Butterworth:veryflatamplituderesponseinthe passbandandaroll offrateof 20dB/dec/pole; passbandandarolloffrateof20dB/dec/pole; phaseresponsehoweverisnotlinear.(Apole is simplyacircuitwithoneRandoneC). Chebyshev:rolloffrate>20dB/dec/pole; ripplesinpassband;verynonlinearphase response. Bessel:linearphaseresponse,thereforeno B l li h th f overshootontheoutputwithapulseinput;roll offrateis<20dB/dec/pole. ff t i dB/d / l

ActiveFilters
AdvantagesoverpassiveLCfilters:
Opampprovidesgain highZin andlowZout meangoodisolationfromsource orloadeffects lessbulkyandlessexpensivethaninductorswhen dealingwithlowfrequency g q y easytoadjustoverawidefrequencyrangewithout alteringdesiredresponse

Disadvantage:requiresdcpowersupply,andcouldbe
limitedbyfrequencyresponseofop amp. limitedbyfrequencyresponseofopamp.

DampingFactor
The damping factor (DF) of an active filter sets the response characteristic of the filter.
R1 DF = 2 R2

Vin

Frequency selective RC circuit

+ _

Vout R1 R2

General diagram of active filter g

Its value depends on the order (# of poles) of the filter. For example DF = 1.414 for 2nd order Butterworth, hence, R1 = 0.586R2

SinglepoleActiveLPF Single poleActiveLPF

R C + _

Vin

Vout R1 R2

1 fH = 2 RC R1 AF = 1 + R2
Roll-off rate for a single-pole filter is -20 dB/decade. Acl is selectable since DF is p g p optional for single-pole LPF

Derivation of Transfer Function

The RC network behaves as a voltage divider supplied by vi, and hence the voltage at the non-inverting terminal of the opamp is given as:

jX C R jX
= 1 2 fC

v
C

Where

The equation for v + then reduces to:

1 +

v i j 2 fR C

We know that the output of an op-amp non-inverting amplifier is given by:

v
o

= 1 +

R R

1 2

Substituting for S b tit ti f v + f from the previous equation, th i ti

v
o

R =v 1 + o R =

F 1

1 +
=

1 1 + j 2A fRC F

(f

Where, ,
f
H

1 2 R C

fH = high cut-off frequency of the filter

A
F

= 1 +

R R

1 2

= p a s s -b a n d g a in o f th e filte r

The gain magnitude and phase angle eqns for the filter can be obtained as
v v
o i

A 1 +

(f

and

= ta n

f f

The operation of the low-pass filter can be verified from the gain magnitude equation: 1. At very low frequencies, that is f << fH, v A
o i

2. At cut-off frequency, that is f = fH,

v v

o i

= 0 .7 0 7 A

3. At higher frequencies, that is f >> fH,

v v

o i

f
F

Roll-off Rate:
From the gain magnitude equation, we see that, if the frequency is increased 10 fold (1 decade), the voltage gain is divided by 10 In other words the gain decreases 20 dB (= 20 10. ( log 10) each time the frequency is increased by 10. Hence the roll-off rate of the first order filter in the stop band is 20 dB/decade. dB/decade At cut-off frequency, fH, the gain falls by 3 dB (= 20 log 0.707).

Example: Design a first order low-pass filter with a cut-off

frequency at 1 KHz and pass-band gain of 2. Draw the frequency response of the circuit. 1. From the specified cut-off frequency
f
H

1 2 R C

= 1 K H z

Assume, C = 0.01 F
R = 1 2 f H C = 2 (1 0
3

1 H z )(0 .0 1 x 1 0

F )

R = 15 92K 15.92K 2. From the specified pass-band gain

A
F

= 1 +

R R

1 2

= 2

This implies, R1/R2= 1, or R1 = R2 Assume, R1 = R2 = 10K

Frequency Response of the designed low pass filter

SallenKey2nd OrderLPF
A second order low-pass filter provides a 40 dB/decade roll-off rate in the stop-band. The first order low-pass filter can be converted into i t a second-order t d d type simply b using an additional RC network i l by i dditi l t k

CA Vin RA RB CB + _ Vout R1 R2

The gain of the filter is set by R1 and R2, while the high cutoff frequency (fH) is set by RA, CA, RB and CB as follows:
f
H

1 R

The voltage gain magnitude equation i given as: i is i

v v
o i

A 1 +

(f

Where,

= 1+

R1 = p a s s - b a n d g a i n o f t h e f i lt e r R2

Filter Design Procedure

f is the frequency of the input signal

1. To simplify design calculations, set RA=RB=R and CA=CB=C. 2. Choose a value of C 1F 3. Calculate the value of R using the equation
R = 1 2 f
H

4. Finally, 4 Finally to ensure butterworth response we need R1 = response, 0.586R2. Choose a value of R2 100K and calculate the value of R1.

Example: Design a second order low-pass butterworth filter at a

high cut-off frequency of 1KHz. Draw the frequency response of the circuit. 1. Let RA=RB=R and CA=CB=C. Assume, C = 0.0047 F CA = CB = 0.0047 F
R = 1 1 = 2fHC 2 (1 0 3 H z )(0 .0 0 4 7 x 1 0
6

F)

R = 33.86K RA = RB = 33.86K 2. For second order butterworth response we need, R1 = 0.586R2 Assume, Assume R2 = 27K R1 = 0.586R2 = 15.82K

Frequency Response of Designed Low Pass Filter

CascadedLowPassFilter CascadedLow PassFilter

CA1 Vin RA1 RB1 CB1 + _ Roll-off rate: -60 dB/dec RA2 CA2 R1 R2 + _ R3 1 pole po e R4 Vout

2 poles po es

Third-order (3-pole) configuration

SinglePoleHighPassFilter Si l P l Hi h P Filt
C Vin R + _ Vout R1 R2

Rolloffrate,and formulasforfc ,and f l f f d AF aresimilarto thoseforLPF. h f LPF Ideally,aHPFpasses allfrequenciesabove fc.However,theop amphasanupper frequencylimit.

SallenKeyHighPassFilter Sallen KeyHigh PassFilter

RA CA Vin RB CB + _ Vout R1 Basic Sallen-Key second-order HPF d d R2 Again, formulas and roll-off rate are similar to those for 2nd-order LPF. LPF To obtain higher rolloff rates, HPF filters rates can be cascaded.

BPFUsingHPFandLPF
Vin CA1 RA1 Av (dB) 0 -3 f HP response LP response + _ R1 R2 RA2 CA2 + _ Vout R3 R4

fc1

fo fc2

NotesOnCascadingHPF&LPF
CascadingaHPFandaLPFtoyieldabandpass filtercanbedoneaslongasfc1 andfc2 are sufficientlyseparated.Hencetheresulting bandwidthisrelativelywide. Notethatfc1 isthecriticalfrequencyfortheHPF andfc2 isfortheLPF isfortheLPF. AnotherBPFconfigurationisthemultiple feedbackBPFwhichhasanarrowerbandwidth f db kBPF hi hh b d idth andneedingfewercomponents

MultipleFeedbackBPF Multiple FeedbackBPF

C1 R1 C2 R3 R2 _ +
R1 =

Making C1 = C2 = C,
1 fo = 2 C R1 + R3 R1 R2 R3

Viin

Vout

Q = fo/BW Max. gain: Q Q ; R2 = f oC 2 f o CAo R2 Ao = Q 2R1 R3 = 2 2 f o C (2Q Ao ) 2 Ao < 2Q Q

R1, C1 - LP section R2, C2 - HP section

MultipleFeedbackBandStop Multiple FeedbackBand Stop Filter

C1 R1 C2 R2 _ + R4 When C1 = C2 =C 1 fo = 2 C R1 R2 Vout The multiple-feedback BSF is very similar to its BP counterpart. For q frequencies between fc1 and fc2 the op-amp will treat Vin as a pair of common-mode signals thus rejecting them accordingly. accordingly

Viin

R3

FilterResponseMeasurements Filt R M t
DiscretePointMeasurement:Feedasinewave tothefilterinputwithavaryingfrequencybuta h fil i i h i f b constantvoltageandmeasuretheoutput voltageateachfrequencypoint. l hf i A faster way is to use the swept frequency method:
Sweep Generator Filter Spectrum analyzer

The sweep generator outputs a sine wave whose frequency increases linearly between two preset limits limits.