Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Research Scholar, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat , Gujarat , India.
2
Associate Professor, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat , Gujarat , India.
ABSTRACT
When we are dealing with durability of concrete, chemical attack which results in volume change,cracking of concrete and the consequent deterioration of concrete becomes an important part of discussion.In this work,an experimental investigation has been carried out to study chemical analysis of concrete.Chloride deposited in the concrete that tend to make the concrete more porous.Cement replacement by glass powder in the range of 5% to 40% in increments of 5% has been studied.Minimum chloride content in the specimens with 20% replacement of cement was obtained
33
Obsidian or volcanic glass is a well know example of naturally occurring glass. When manufactured by humans glass is a mixture of silica, sand, lime and other materials. The elements of glass are heated to 982
0
Celsius. Heat can return the glass to a liquid and workable form, making it easy to reuse and
recycle.
RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
Waste glass contain high silica(SiO2) i.e.72% waste glass when ground to a very fine powder (600 micron) SiO2 react with alkalis in cement (pozzolanic reaction ) and cementitious product that help contribute to the strength development and durability (Caijun et al.,2005). When concrete contain waste glass powder gives higher percentage of C2S,Low C3A,C4AF,C3S/C2S Content which result in produce less heat of hydration and offers grater resistance to the attack (Nathan et al., 2008). Therefore an experimental investigation in developing concrete containing waste glass powder is very important.
34
Supplementary Cementitious Materials The glass powder was obtained by crushing waste glass pieces in a cone crusher mill. The 600-micron passing fraction was used for the experimentation Mix Proportions and Experimental Factors Mix design carried out form M20 grade of concrete by IS 10262: 2009 yielded a mix proportion of 1:2.35:4.47 with water cement ratio of 0.50. Nine different mixes (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9) were prepared using cement replaced by waste glass powder (GP) at varying percentages of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40. Casting Twenty seven number Specimens of dimensions 150 x 150 x 150 mm were cast according to the
mix proportion and by replacing cement with glass powder (GP) in different proportion Preparation of Solution and Caution A 5 % Nacl solution has five grams of sodium chloride dissolved in 100 ml solution. Procedure Weigh 5 gram of sodium chloride pours it into a graduated cylinder or volumetric flask containing about 80 ml of water. Once the sodium chloride has dissolved completely (swirls the flask gently if necessary) add water to bring the volume up to final 100 ml. Caution Do not simply measure 100 ml of water and add 5 gram of sodium chloride. This will introduce error because adding the solid will change the final volume of the solution and throw off the final percentage. Curing Of Specimens To find out the effect of chloride attack, the specimens were immersed in a 5% Nacl solution for 7, 28, and 90 days. Chemical Analysis of Conglasscrete It can provide extremely useful information regarding the causes of failure of concrete. The tests most frequently carried out are listed below 1. Chloride Content 2. Sulphate content A drilling machine was used to collect powder concrete sample from a depth of 30 mm from the top. The powder sample so collected was titrated against silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution to find the chloride content in the powder sample. The procedure for the titration was as follows: 1. Place the powder in 250 ml capacity borosil beaker and add 10ml of 1:1 dilute nitric acid (HNO3). 2. Add 40 ml of distilled water to the solution obtained above and stir.
35
3. 4. 5.
Boil the sample for one minute and keep for cooling for one and half hours. Compensate for loss of weight due to boiling by adding water to the cooled solution. Add two drops of potassium dichromate to the conical flask containing the concrete powder and 1:1 dilute nitric acid (HNO3).
6.
Titrate against silver nitrate until the color changes to brick red. The burette reading is noted down.
7.
Calculate the chloride content in concrete using the following equation Chloride content (Cl2), mg/lit. = [BR x N x eq.wt.] / Sample taken, ml
Where BR N
= =
Burette reading, ml Normality of silver nitrate (AgNO3), mg/ml Equivalent weight of chloride, ml/lit [Usually it is convenient to use one liter sample and calculations are easily made by multiplying 1000]
eq.wt =
TEST RESULT
Test result is presented graphically and in tubular forms Table 1 : Overall results of chloride content in concrete with age Chloride content, mg/lit. Age, days 0% GP 7 28 90 109.97 131.97 139.96 5% GP 80.98 84.98 100.97 10% GP 44.98 56.98 81.98 15% GP 36.99 40.99 68.98 20% GP 31.99 39.99 58.98 25% GP 69.98 86.98 108.97 30% GP 96.97 102.97 119.97 35% GP 106.97 114.97 126.97 40% GP 101.97 124.97 128.97
C lo e C n n ( h rid o te t
m /lit.) g
60
80
100
Age ( days)
36
DISCUSSION ON TEST RESULTS Minimum chloride content in the specimens with 20 percentage replacement of cement may be due to (a) Waste glass powder offering a barrier against penetration of chlorides by producing a dense CSH gel which is a binder and fill up the space, gives impermeability and ever increasing strength. (b) The pozzolanic reaction with glass powder may cause clogging of porous which reduces porosity and blocks chloride ion transport.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on experimental observations, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Use of super plasticizer was found to be necessary to maintain workability with water cement ratio. 2. It is recommended that the utilization of waste glass powder in concrete as cement replacement is possible. 3. Concrete produced by replacing 20 % of cement by glass powder shows less penetration to chloride. 4. Waste glass powder in appropriate proportions could be used to resist attack. restricted
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the authorities of S.V.N.T.Surat for their kind support. The valuable suggestions, efforts and timely help extended by one and all in concrete discipline are gratefully acknowledged. Sincere gratitude is extended to all the authors whose publications provided us directional information from time to time. The cooperation and help received from the scientific and technical staff of advanced materials laboratory in the preparation of this paper are gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
[1] Suryanshi.C.S. (1999) Use of industrial and domestic waste in concrete, Civil Engineering and Construction Review, 26, 26-31. [2] Byars E.A.,Morales.B. And Zhu H.Y., (2004,) Waste glass as concrete aggregate and pozzolanalaboratory and industrial projects, Concrete, 38, 41-44. [3] Baxer.s, Jin W and Meyer C., (2000) Glasscrete-Concrete with glass aggregate, ACI Materials journal, 208-213. [4] Tang Albert, Dhir Ravindra, Dyer, Tom and Yongjun, (2004), Towards maximizing the value and sustainable use of glass, Concrete Journal, 38 ,38-40.
37
[5]
Seung Bum Park, Bong chum Lee and Jeong Hwan Kim., (2004), Studies on mechanical properties of concrete containing waste glass aggregate, Cement and concrete Research , 34, 2181-2189.
[6]
Omer ozkand and Isa Yuksel, (2008), Studies on mortars containing waste bottle glass andindustrialby-products, Construction and Building Materials, 22, 1288-1298.
[7]
Nathan Schwarz, Hieu cam and Narayanan Neithallath, (2008), Influence of a fine glass powder on the durability characteristics of concrete and its comparison to fly ash, Cement and Concrete Composites, 30, 486-496.
[8]
Chen C.H.Huang R., .Wu J.K.and Yang C.C., (2006), Waste E-glass particles used in cementitious mixtures, Cement and concrete Research, 36, 449-456.
[9]
Her-Yung Wang, (2009), A Study of the effects of LCD glass sand on the properties of concrete, Waste Management, 29, 335-341.
[10]
Jitendra A.Jain and Narayanan Neithalath, (2010), Chloride transport in fly ash and glass powder modified concrets-Infludence of test methods on microstructure, Cement and Concrete Composites , 32, 148-156.
[11]
Nathan Schwarz and Narayanan Neithalath, (2008), Influence of a fine glass powder on cement hydration: comparison to fly ash and modeling the degree of hydration, Cement and Concrete Research 38, 429-436.
[12]
Yixin Shao,Thibaut Lefort,Shylesh Moras and Damian Rodriguez, (2000), Studies on concrete containing ground waste glass, Cement and Concrete Research ,30, 91-100.
[13]
Federico L.M. and Chidiac S.E., (2009), Waste glass as Supplementary Cementitious material in concrete-Critical review of treatment methods Cement and Concrete Composites, 31, 606-610.
[14]
Bang R.S., Pateriya I.K. and Chitalange M.R., (2009), Use of pond ash as fine aggregateExperimental Study, New Construction Materials, 48-51.
[15]
developing low cost masonry cement from industrial wastes, The Indian Concrete Journal, 31-36. [16] Rashid M.A.,Tanvir Hossain and M.Ariful Islam,(2008), Higher Strength crushed brick as coarse aggregate, The Indian Concrete Journal, 18-23. [17] Guerrero A., Hernandez M.S. and .Goni.S, (2000) The role of the fly ash pozzolanic activity in Simulated Sulphate radioactive liquid waste., Waste Management , 20, 51-58 [18] Seung-Bum Park and Bong-Chum Lee, (2004), Studies on expansion properties in mortar concrete using
containing waste glass and fibers Cements and Concrete Research, 34, 1145-1152.
38
[19]
Yun-Wang Choi,Dae-Joong Moon,Jee-Seung Chung and Sun-Kyu Cho, (2005), Effects of waste PET bottles aggregate on the properties of concrete, Cement and Concrete Research ,35, 776-781.
[20]
P.T.Santosh Kumar,(2009), Combined influence of sand and water cement ratio on the compressive strength of concrete, The Indian Concrete Journal, 9-14
[21]
Caijun Shi,Yanzhhhong Wu,Chris Riefler, and Hugh Wang, (2005), Characteristics and pozzolanic reactivity of glass powders, Cement and Concrete Research ,35, 987-993.
[22]
Bashar Taha and Ghassan Nounu, (2008), Using Lithium nitrate and pozzolanic glass powder in concrete as ASR Suppressors, Cement and Concrete Composites, 30, 497-505.
[23]
Mukesh C.Limbachiya, (2009), Bulk engineering and durability properties of washed glass sand concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 23, 1078-1083.
[24]
Andrea Saccani and Maria chiara Bignozzi, (2010), ASR expansion behavior of recycled glass fine aggregates in concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, 40, 531-536.
[25]
Rachida Idir,Martin Cyr and Arezki Tagnit-Hamou., (2010), Use of fine glass as ASR inhibitor in glass aggregate mortars, Construction and Building Materials , 24, 1309-131
[26]
V.Ducman, A.Mladenovic and J.S.Suput (2002), Lightweight aggregate based on waste glass and its alkali-Silica reactivity, Cement and Concrete Research, 32,223-226.
[27]
Her-Yung Wang and Wen-Liang Huang , (2010), A Study on the properties of fresh selfconsolidating glass concrete (SCGC), Construction and Building Materials, 24, 619-624.
[28]
Mohamad J.Terro, (2006), Properties of concrete made with recycled crushed glass at elevated temperatures, Building and Environment 41, 633-639.
[29]
Ahmad Shayan and Aimin Xu,, (2006), Performance of glass powder as a pozzolanic material in concrete: A field trial on concrete slabs, Cement and Concrete Research , 36, 547-468
[30]
M.Shahul Hameed and A.S.S.Sekar, (2009), Quarry dust as replacement of fine aggregates in concrete, New construction Materials, 52-56.
[31]
Ilker Bekir Topcu and Mehmet Canbaz, (2004), Properties of Concrete Containing Waste glass, Cement and Concrete Research, 34, 267-274.
[32]
Bashar Taha and Ghassan Nonu, (2008), Properties of Concrete contains mixed color waste recycled glass as sand and cement replacement, Construction and Building Materials , 22, 731720
[33]
.Mageswari M and .Vidivelli B.(2010) The Use of sheet glass powder as fine aggregate replacement in concrete, The open Civil Engineering journal , 4, 65-71.
39
[34]
Narayanan Neithalath, (2011), An Overview of the benefits of using glass powder as a partial cement replacement material in concretes, The Indian concrete journal, 9-18
[35]
Turgut P.,.Yahlizade E.S., (2009), Research in to concrete blocks with waste glass, International Journal of civil and Environmental Engineering, 4, 203-209
[36]
Zdenek P.Bazant,Goangseup Zi,Meyyer, ( 2000), Fracture Mechanics of ASR in concretes with waste glass particles of Different Sizes,Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 226-232
[37]
Bashar Taha,Ghassan Nounu, (2009), Utilizing waste Recycled Glass as Sand/Cement replacement in concrete ,Journal of materials in civil Engineering, 709-721
[38]
Meyer C, Egosi N, Andela C, (2001). Concrete with waste glass as aggregate,Proceedings of the International symposium concrete Technology unit of ASCE and University of Dundee , 37-45
[39]
Shetty M.S., (2006). Concrete Technology Theory and PracticeS.Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi,
[40]
Gambhir M.L , (2006) ConcreteTechnology,Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi,
[41]
Sood H ,.Mittal L.N., Kulkarni ,P.D. (2003 )Laboratory Manual on Concrete Technology,CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi,
[42] [43]
Methods of tests for strength of concrete, IS 516:1959, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete, IS 1199 :1959,Bureaue of Indian Standards, New Delhi
[44]
Methods of test for determination of water soluble chlorides in concrete admixtures, IS 6925 :1973, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
[45]
Method of making, curing and determining compressive strength cures concrete test specimens, IS 9013:1978, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
[46]
Specification for apparatus for flexural testing of concrete, IS 9399 : 1979, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
[47]
Handbook on Design of reinforced concrete to IS 456:1978,SP :16(S&T):1980, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
[48]
Handbook on concrete mixes(Amendment No.1), SP :23(S&T):1982, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
[49]
Explanatory handbook on Indian standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete(IS 456:1978), SP :24(S&T):1983, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
[50]
Methods for analysis of concrete (Cement content, sulphate content and alkali contents),BS 1881 : Part 124 :1988, Bureau of British Standards
40
[51]
Indian Standard code of practice for plain and Reinforced Concrete, IS456:2000, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[52]
Determination of water soluble and acid soluble chlorides in concretes in concrete and mortar, IS 14959 : Part 2:2001, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
[53]
Recommended guidelines of concrete mix design, IS 10262:2009, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.