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1) Raw mix The reduction of raw mix rejects reduces the burning temperature and the
rejects cement grinding energy: § 1-2-1
§ 1-2-3 b
100 µm R in raw mix: 20% Ô 10% ◊ - 4 kWh/t on both raw mix & cement grinding.
This is particularly the case for siliceous rejects. This action is also rather fa-
vorable to strengths.
2) Burning A short profile helps grindability and strength development. Slow cooling § 2-1-1
profile adversely affects strengths and workability. § 2-5-2
Clinkering level: 30 min. Ò 60 min. ◊ - 3 to - 10 MPa in the laboratory. § 2-5-5
3) Burning Production uniformity requires an oxidizing atmosphere because a reducing
atmosphere atmosphere promotes volatilization ◊ "cyclic" operation, sulfate and alkali § 2-1-2
fluctuations, thus a non uniform clinker:
SO3 variation in clinker from 1 to 4 % ◊ variation in % alkali sulfates ◊
possibility of large 1-day strength variations..
4) Free lime An increase in clinker free lime content reduces both initial and final setting
content times § 8-2-2
+ 1 % free CaO ◊ - 50 min on average (- 10 to - 100 min depending on clinker).
Similarly, the addition of lime shortens both initial and final setting time.
5) Clinker C3S An increase in clinker C3S content (to the detriment of C2S) improves § 2-7-1
content strengths at 1, 2, 3 and 7 days: § 2-7-2
+ 10 % C3S ◊ + 2 to + 5 MPa § 2-7-3
§ 2-7-4
At 28 days, the increase is less noticeable since there is also a contribution
from C2S.
6) Clinker C2S At constant Blaine specific surface, grinding energy increases with C2S con- § 2-7-1
content tent. Inversely it reduces with an increase in C3S: § 2-7-2
+ 10 % C2S ◊ + 5 kWh/t for 350 m2/kg SSB § 2-7-3
7) Clinker alkali Alkalies always work against 28-day strengths no matter under what form § 2-7-2
content they are: § 2-7-3
+ 0.1 % Na2O equiv. ◊ - 1 MPa. § 2-7-4
§ 2-7-5
8) Clinker At optimum sulfate content for early ages, soluble alkalies, in particular in the § 2-7-2
alkalies and form of sulfates, improve early strengths: § 2-7-3
sulfates + 0.1 % Na2O equiv. ◊ + 0.5 to 1.5 MPa § 2-7-4
§ 2-7-5
The effect increases as the C3A content increases.
9) Alkali Alkali molar saturation by clinker SO3 facilitates control of workability:
§ 7-2-4
saturation Alkali saturation ◊ Ô water demand and Ò fluidity and early-age fc.
10) Excess If clinker SO3 is increased beyond alkali molar saturation, an increase in § 2-4-2
Sulfate / clinker fineness and grinding energy can be observed. § 2-5-3
§ 2-7-2
alkalies + 1 % excess SO3 ◊ + 4 to 5 kWh/t.
§ 2-7-3