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    22 views11 pages

    Term I Nologies

    Uploaded by

    amol modak
    terminologies

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 11

    Directional Drilling Terminologies

    AZIMUTH

    There are three azimuth reference systems: True (Geographic North), Grid
    North and Magnetic North.

    Geographic North: In geographic coordinates directions are referred to true


    north, or a true azimuth. Geographic north points to the North Pole; this
    direction is indicated by the polar star.

    Grid North: Grid north is an arbitrary direction and is always in the direction
    of the positive ordinate axis of the specific grid used for a particular survey.

    Magnetic North: Magnetic north can be measured by a simple magnetic


    compass. Magnetic azimuths are not constant due to the movement of the
    north and south magnetic poles and hence magnetic measurements may be
    in error due to local magnetic field variations.

    In oil wells, all surveys with ‘magnetic type’ tools are initially given an azimuth
    reading referenced to Magnetic North. However, the final calculated
    coordinates are always converted to either True North or Grid North.

    Magnetic Declination: Magnetic north and true north do not coincide. The
    divergence between true north and magnetic north is different for most points
    on the earth’s surface, and in addition to this the magnetic north pole changes
    its position very slightly each year.
    The angle in degrees between true and magnetic north is called the declination
    angle. The declination angle is negative if magnetic north lies to the west of
    true north and is positive if the magnetic north lies to the east of true north
    (refer figure below).

    The azimuth of a wellbore at any point is defined as the direction of the


    wellbore on a horizontal plane measured clockwise form a north reference.
    Azimuths are usually expressed in angles from 0-360 , measured from zero
    north.
    Note: West Declination is always Subtracted and East Declination is always
    Added. i.e., TRUE NORTH = MAGNETIC NORTH ± (DECLINATION)
    Azimuth on horizontal plane, 20 degrees wrt True North
    Azimuths can also be expressed in a quadrant system from 0-90 measured
    from north in the northern quadrants and from south in the southern
    quadrants.
    The figure above shows azimuth reading of 135 equates to S45 E in quadrant
    readings.
    Measured in: degree

    INCLINATION

    The angle of the well bore defined by a tangent line at any point of wellbore
    and a vertical line is called the inclination. The vertical line is always parallel
    to the direction of earth's gravity. By industry standard, 0 degree inclination
    is vertical (downward pointing) and 90 degrees inclination is horizontal. An
    inclination (angle) greater than 90 degrees coincides with the term "drilling
    up".
    Measured in: degree

    NOTE: AZIMUTH & INCLINATION ARE ALSO TERMED AS DIRECTION


    AND ANGLE RESPECTIVELY.
    MEASERED DEPTH (MD) & TRUE VERTICAL DEPTH (TVD)

    Measured Depth (MD): Measured depth (MD) is the distance measured along
    the well path from one reference point to the survey point.
    Measured in: Feet (ft) or metre (m)

    True Vertical Depth: The vertical distance from a point in the well (usually the
    current or final depth) to a point at the surface, usually the elevation of the
    rotary kelly bushing (RKB) is called the true vertical depth (TVD) at that point.
    Measured in: Feet (ft) or metre (m)

    It is to be noted that MD ≥ TVD in all cases.


    VERTICAL SECTION (VS)

    A projection of the borehole into a vertical plane parallel to the course bearing
    and scaled with vertical depth.

    KICK OFF POINT (KOP), BUILD, HOLD & DROP

    Kick off Point (KOP): The kick off point is defined as the point below the
    surface location from where the well is deflected from the vertical. The position
    of the kick off depends on several parameters including: geological
    considerations, geometry of well and proximity of other wells.
    Build Up: It is the act of increasing the inclination of the drilled hole wrt
    vertical.

    Build Section: That portion of the hole in which the inclination angle is
    increased; rate of buildup is usually expressed as the angular increase per 100
    feet of measured depth.

    Build Up Rate (BUR): It is the rate of change (degrees/100 feet or degrees/30


    metre) of the increasing angle in the hole.

    Drop off: It is the act of reducing the inclination of the drilled hole wrt vertical.

    Drop Section: That portion of the hole in which the inclination angle is
    decreased; rate of drop off is usually expressed as the angular increase per
    100 feet of measured depth.

    Drop off Rate: The rate of change of the inclination in the part of the wellbore
    where the inclination angle is purposely returned toward vertical, usually
    expressed in degrees per feet or course length.

    Hold: The act of maintaining the inclination and azimuth of the wellbore to
    remain constant as it is.

    Tangent or Hold Section: The portion of hole in which the inclination and
    azimuth is maintained the same throughout the section.

    In the figure below, KB means Kelly Bushing, RT means Rotary Table, DF


    means Derrick Floor, EOB is for End of Build (i.e., the point at which the
    Building ends and we either hold or drop the wellbore path).
    RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

    Rectangular coordinates of a target are usually given in feet/meters


    North/South and East/West of the local reference point. They can be easily
    derived by subtracting the grid coordinates of the surface location from those
    of the target.
    The rectangular coordinates can be used to calculate the departure (horizontal
    displacement) between the surface location and the bottom hole target as
    follows:
    Departure = [(Δ E/W)2+ (Δ N/S2)]1/2
    where: Δ denotes difference in coordinates between E/W or N/S

    POLAR COORDINATES

    Polar coordinates can be derived from the rectangular coordinates. They are
    expressed as a distance (departure) and as a direction (either Quadrant or
    azimuth).
    Polar coordinates are derived from the rectangular coordinates as follows:
    Azimuth = tan-1 ((Δ E/W Coordinates)/( Δ N/S Coordinates))

    Now let us try to solve a problem based on the above concept of Rectangular
    and Polar coordinates.
    We have been provided the grid coordinates of the surface and target location.
    We need to find the Departure and Azimuth of the target from the surface
    location.
    Grid Coordinates: Target 6,334,400.00 N (m) 200,600.00 E (m)
    Grid Coordinates: Surface 6,335,000.00 N (m) 200,400.00 E (m)

    Now let us calculate the rectangular coordinates.


    Δ N/S = N/S (target) - N/S (surface) = 6,334,400.00 - 6,335,000.00 = -600
    m
    Δ E/W = E/W (target) - E/W (surface) = 200,600.00 - 200,400.00 = 200 m

    Now, Azimuth = tan-1 ((Δ E/W Coordinates)/( Δ N/S Coordinates))


    thus, Azm = tan-1 (200/-600) = -18.4 degree

    Also, Departure = [(Δ E/W)2+ (Δ N/S2)]1/2


    thus, Departure = [(200)2+ (-600)2)]1/2 = 632.5 m

    Hence in polar coordinates, the target is 632.5 m at an azimuth of 161.6


    degree (S18.4W).These coordinates are plotted in figure below:

    Posted by Deepak Choudhary at 3:01:00 PM

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