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    Binod Raj Giri
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    Map Projection

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    Map Projection

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    6 views1 page

    Map Projections

    Uploaded by

    Binod Raj Giri
    Map Projection

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 1

    Map projections allow us to convert from sphere to planar (flat) representation.

    Geographic coordinate
    systems allow for the measurements of distances and to determine direction. Except for the Geographic
    Grid all coordinate systems are based on some form of map projection.

    Coordinates

    In a coordinate system, the X value given first and referred to as an easting, the Y value given second
    and referred to as a northing. There are no west or southern values. Coordinates always measure right
    and then up.

    Universal transverse Mercator (UTM)

    Universal transverse Mercator (UTM) is a geographic coordinate system and the most prevalent plane
    grid system used. UTM divides the earth into 84˚ north latitude to 80˚ south and is numbered into 60
    vertical zones (each 6˚ latitude wide). All measurements are positive. There are two starting points (all
    measurements in meters north and east); one at the equator and another at 80˚ south (1000,000,000
    meters south of the equator).

    UTM is used for remote sensing (satellite and aerial imagery analysis) because it allows precise
    measurement using the metric system. UTM uses transverse Mercator projection (conformal). This
    coordinate system is used by the US federal government for their data. The equator is designated as the
    origin for Northing (y) and 500,000 meters is the false easting (x).

    State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS)

    The state plane coordinate system uses a unique set of coordinates for each of the 50 states, using either
    a transverse Mercator or Lambert’s conformal conic project tied to a national geodetic framework. Each
    SPCS zone has its own projection and coordinate grid. SPCS uses feet as the measurement. This
    coordinate system is highly accurate (four times as accurate as UTM). For more: state plane coordinate
    system.

    Datums

    Grid systems rely on accurate measurements of the earth. The starting point for such a measurement is
    called the datum and is based on ellipsoidal representation.

    First NA datum (1866) – Flatness ratio of 1/294.9787 1-b(polar axis)/a(equatorial axis)

    NAD 27 used the same ratio

    NAD 83 based on estimates of distance to center of the earth

    Now the standard (GRS80)

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