CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY AN INTRODUCTION Second edition WILL KYMLICKA UNIVERSITY PRESSOXFORD (Great Clarendon Stet, Oxford 0x2 60" Oxford University Pres ia department of the University of Oxford Ie furthers the University's objective ofexllenceinrescatch scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide ia Oxford New York ‘Athens Avckland Bangkok Bogotd Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dares Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico ity Mathai Nairobi Paris Sto Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipe! Tokyo Toronto Wats with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan ‘Oxford isa registered trade mark of Oxford University Press inthe UK and in cerain other counties Pblished inthe United States by Oxford University Pres nc, New York (© Will Kymlicka 2002 ‘The moral rights ofthe author have been aserted Database right Oxford Univesity Press (maker) Fest published 2002 All sights reserved. No part ofthis publication maybe eproduced, stored ia retrieval system, or tansmited, in any fon ot by any means ‘without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Pres, ‘or as exprestly permitted by aw, or under terms aged with the appropriate eprographics rights organnatons. Enquiries concerning reproction ‘outside the scope ofthe above should be sent to the Rights Department, ‘Oxlord University Pres at the addres above You must not cixculate this book in any ther binding or cover ‘and you must impose this same condition on any aqui British Library Cataloging in Publication Data Data available {irary of Congres Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0-19-878274-8 S798 6d “Typeset in Minion and Taian by Refinecatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in Great Britain by 1. ternational Led Padstow, Comal7 CITIZENSHIP THEORY The communitarian critique of liberalism had a dramatic impact on con- temporary Anglo-American political philosophy. In the 1970s, the central concepts were justice and rights, as liberals attempted to define @ coherent alternative to utilitarianism, In the 1980s, the keywords became community and membership, as communitarians attempted to show how liberal indivi- dualism was unable to account for, or to sustain, the communal sentiments, identities, and boundaries needed for any feasible political community. It was perhaps inevitable that the next stage in the debate would be an attempt to transcend this opposition between liberal individualism and communitarianism, and to integrate the demands of liberal justice and com- ‘munity membership. One obvious candidate for this job is the idea of citizen- ship. Citizenship is intimately linked to liberal ideas of individual rights and entitlements on the one hand, and to communitarian ideas of membership in and attachment to a particular community on the other. Thus it provides a concept that can mediate the debate between liberals and communitarian. Itis not surprising, therefore, that there has been an explosion of interest in the concept of citizenship amongst political theorists. In 1978, it could be confidently stated that ‘the concept of citizenship has gone out of fashion among political thinkers’ (van Gunsteren 1978: 9). By 1990, citizenship was the ‘buzzword’ amongst thinkers on all points of the political spectrum (Heater 1990: 293: Vogel and Moran 1991: p. x). Interest in citizenship has been sparked not only by these theoretical developments, but also by a number of recent political events and trends throughout the world—increasing voter apathy and long-term welfare dependency in the United States, the resurgence of nationalist movements in Eastern Europe, the stresses created by an increasingly multicultural and ‘multiracial population in Western Europe, the backlash against the welfare state in Thatcher's England, the failure of environmental policies that rely oon voluntary citizen cooperation, disaffection with globalization and the perceived loss of national sovereignty, etc. ‘These events have made clear that the health and stability of @ modern