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Generator Load
ZG
VG Transmission line ZR
d
D
d
Two-wire line D Coaxial cable
w
t
Microstrip
If you are only familiar with low frequency circuits, you are used to
treat all lines connecting the various circuit elements as perfect
wires, with no voltage drop and no impedance associated to them
(lumped impedance circuits). This is a reasonable procedure as
long as the length of the wires is much smaller than the wavelength
of the signal. At any given time, the measured voltage and current
are the same for each location on the same wire.
Generator Load
ZG
VG VR VR VR ZR
ZR L << λ
VR = VG
ZG + ZR
c 2.999 × 10 8
λ= = ≈ 5.0 × 106 m = 5, 000 km
f 60
which is the about the distance between S. Francisco and Boston!
Let’s compare to a frequency in the microwave range, for instance
60 GHz. The wavelength is given by
c 2.999 × 10 8
λ= = ≈ 5.0 × 10 −3 m = 5.0 mm
f 60 × 109
which is comparable to the size of a microprocessor chip.
Which conclusions do you draw?
ZG
VG V( 0 ) V( z ) V( L ) ZR
Zin = ZR Zin
Transmission line ZR
only if
λ
L=n [ n = integer ]
2 L
Generator Load
ZG
VG Transmission line ZR
VG Zin
L dz R dz L dz R dz
C dz G dz C dz G dz
dz dz
L dz
I (z) I (z)+dI
V (z) C dz V (z)+dV
dz
dz
The corresponding circuit equation is
(V + dV ) − V = − jω L dz I
which gives a first order differential equation for the voltage
dV
= − jω L I
dz
I (z) I (z)+dI
dI
C dz
V (z)+dV
dI = − jω Cdz(V + dV ) = − jω CVdz − jω C dV dz
The second term (including dV dz) tends to zero very rapidly in the
limit of infinitesimal length dz leaving a first order differential
equation for the current
dI
= − jω C V
dz
© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 51
Transmission Lines
dV
= − jω L I
dz
dI
= − jω C V
dz
V (z) = V + e− jβ z + V − e jβ z
β = ω LC
2π 2π f ω
β= = =
λ vp vp
ω εr µr
= = ω ε0 µ0 ε r µ r = ω ε µ
c
Here, λ = v p f is the wavelength of the dielectric medium
surrounding the conductors of the transmission line and
1 1
vp = =
ε0 ε r µ0 µ r εµ
dV
= − jβ V + e− jβ z + jβ V − e jβ z = − jω L I
dz
which gives
I (z) =
C + − jβ z
L
V e (− jβ z
−V e =
1
Z0
)
V + e− jβ z − V − e jβ z( )
The real quantity
L
Z0 =
C
is the “characteristic impedance” of the loss-less transmission line.
L dz R dz
I (z) I (z)+dI
V (z) C dz G dz V (z)+dV
dz
dz
(V + dV ) − V = − ( jω Ldz + Rdz) I
from which we obtain a first order differential equation for the
voltage
dV
= − ( jω L + R) I
dz
© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 58
Transmission Lines
I (z) dI I (z)+dI
C dz G dz V (z)+dV
dI = − ( jω Cdz + Gdz)(V + dV )
= − ( jω C + G)Vdz − ( jω C + G)dV dz
The second term (including dV dz) can be ignored, giving a first
order differential equation for the current
dI
= − ( jω C + G)V
dz
© Amanogawa, 2006 – Digital Maestro Series 59
Transmission Lines
dV
= − ( jω L + R) I
dz
dI
= − ( jω C + G)V
dz
dI
= − ( jω C + G)V
dz
d 2V dI
= − ( jω L + R) = ( jω L + R)( jω C + G)V
2 dz
dz
d2 I dV
= − ( jω C + G) = ( jω C + G)( jω L + R) I
dz2 dz
dV
= − ( jω L + R) I
dz
These are the “telephonists’ equations” for the lossy line.
γ = ( jω L + R)( jω C + G) = α + jβ
The real part α of the propagation constant γ describes the
attenuation of the signal due to resistive losses. The imaginary part
β describes the propagation properties of the signal waves as in
loss-less lines.
The exponential terms including α are “real”, therefore, they only
affect the “magnitude” of the voltage phasor. The exponential
terms including β have unitary magnitude and purely “imaginary”
argument, affecting only the “phase” of the waves in space.
( jω C + G )
I (z) = (V + e−γz − V − e γ z )
( jω L + R )
1
= (V + e−γz − V − e γ z )
Z0
Z0 ZR Z0 ZR