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Small
molecules
Pieces
of food Nutrient
molecules
Pemecahan Kimia enter body
Pemecahan (enzymatic hydrolysis) cells Undigested
Mekanik material
Food
Figure 21.2
21.3 Digestion occurs in specialized
compartments
• Makan dicerna didalam saluran pencernaan dengan
bantuan enzim-enzim pencerna
• Hewan memiliki saluran pencernaan yang khusus
• Hewan rendah memiliki kantung pencerna dengan satu
lubang
Mouth
Tentacle
Hydrolytic
Flagella enzymes
Food
particle
Engulfment
Food Gastro- of food
(Daphnia, vascular particle
a water cavity
flea) Digestion in
food vacuole
Figure 21.3A
• Pada beberapa hewan, Alat pencerna makanan hanya
berupa saluran pencernaan saja
Anus
Mouth
EARTHWORM
Wall of intestine
Interior of intestine
Figure 21.3B
Esophagus
Stomach
Gizzard Anus
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine Gizzard
Crop
Intestine
Mouth Gastric pouches
GRASSHOPPER Mouth
Crop
Anus
BIRD
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Pyloric
sphincter
Stomach
Gall-
bladder
Small
Pancreas intestine Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Incisors
Canine
Premolars
Molars
“Wisdom”
tooth
Tongue
Salivary
glands
Opening of a
salivary gland duct
Figure 21.5
21.6 The food and breathing passages
both open into the pharynx
• Reflek menelan menggerakan makanan dari pharynx ke
dalam kerongkongan/esophagus
• Pada saat hal ini terjadi makanan juga dijaga supaya tidak
masuk ke dalam tenggorokan
Bolus of food
Tongue
Epiglottis Epiglottis
up down
Pharynx
Larynx
Esophageal Larynx Larynx
sphincter up down
Trachea
Esophagus Esophagus
(windpipe)
Figure 21.6
21.7 The esophagus squeezes food
along to the stomach
• Gerakan peristalsis pada esophagus mendorong bolus
makanan ke dalam lambung
Circular Relaxed
muscle layer muscles
Circular Relaxed
muscles muscles
contract,
Bolus of constricting
food passageway
and pushing
bolus down
Longitudinal
muscles
contract,
shortening
passageway
ahead of bolus
Stomach
Longitudinal
muscle layer
Figure 21.7
Lambung menghancurkan makanan
dengtan enzim-enzim dan asam
• Lambung mencampur makanan dengan cairan gastric
• Cairan gastrik terdiri dari pepsin, yang mengawali proses
penghancuran protein
Interior surface Pits
of stomach Gastric juice
(mucus, HCI,
Food particle and pepsinogen)
3
Epithelium
Gastric
juice Pepsinogen Pepsin (active
2 enzyme)
Mucous
cells HCI
Pyloric
sphincter
Gastric 1
STOMACH
gland Chief cells
Pariental cells
Figure 21.8
21.9 Connection: Bacterial infections can
cause ulcers
• New evidence suggests that a spiral-shaped prokaryote
causes gastric ulcers
• Helicobacter pylori growth erodes protective mucus and
damages the stomach lining
21.10 The small intestine is the major
organ of chemical digestion and
nutrient absorption
• Alkaline pancreatic juice neutralizes stomach acids
• Its enzymes digest polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids,
and fats
• Bile emulsifies fat droplets for attack by pancreatic
enzymes
• It is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder
Bile
Liver
Gall- Stomach
bladder
Duodenum of Pancreas
small intestine
Figure 21.10A
• Enzym dinding usus halus mencerna bahan makanan
menjadi sari-sari makanan
Table 21.10
• Dinding usus halus berlipat-lipat dan dilapisi oleh lapisan
kecil seperti jari yang disebu villi
Epithelial
cells
Lumen
Muscle
layers
Blood
Circular folds capillaries
Figure 21.10B
Usus Besar melakukan penyerapan air
• Bahan makanan yang
Large
tidak dicerna intestine
(colon)
dimasukkan ke dalam
colon (usus besar)
dimana terjadi
• Penyerapan Sisa air
End
• ProduksiFeces of small
intestine
Small
intestine
Rectum
Anus
Nutrient
flow
Appendix
Cecum
Figure 21.11
ADAPTASI PENCERNAAN
Adaptasi pencernaan pada hewan
vertebrata
• Herbivora dan omnivora biasanya memiliki saluran
pencernaan yan glebih pancang cibandingkan karnivora
• Bagian tubuh tumbuhan lebih sulit dicerna daripada daging
• Nilai gizi pada sayuran are less concentrated daripada daging
Small intestine
Small
intestine Stomach
Cecum
Colon
(large
intestine)
Esophagus
Rumen
4 Abomasum 2 Reticulum
Figure 21.12B