How Muscles Generate Movement

MUSCLE
DR. AYISHA QURESHI

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
MBBS, MPhil
MUSCLE
(1) purposeful movement of
the whole body or parts of
the body (such as walking or
waving your hand),
(2) manipulation of external
objects (such as driving a car
or moving a piece of
furniture),
(3) propulsion of contents
through various hollow
internal organs (such as
circulation of blood or
movement of a meal through
the digestive tract), and
(4) emptying the contents of
certain organs to the external
environment (such as
urination or giving birth).
MUSCLE:
Chemical energy
↓Muscle
Mechanical energy
Muscle forms about 50% of

the total body weight:
 40% skeletal muscle
 10% smooth & cardiac
muscle
Simply put, Muscles perform
the following functions:
 They contract…
 They generate heat
 They generate motion
 They generate force
 They provide support
TYPES of MUSCLE
(According to appearance or movement)
Muscle
Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle

(Striated) (Smooth) (Striated)
(Voluntary) (Involuntary) (Involuntary)
Types of Muscle
SKELETAL MUSCLE:
Characteristics of
Skeletal Muscles:
 Attach to the
bone
 Move
appendages
 Support the
body
 Antagonistic
pairs: Flexors
& extensors
SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY:
SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL STRUCTURE
A single skeletal muscle cell is also called a MUSCLE FIBER b/c of its greater
length than width.
• LENGTH: upto 75,000 µm or 2.5 feet.

• DIAMETER: from 10 to 100 micrometers.
• SHAPE: elongated & cylindrical.
• OUTER MEMBRANE: called sarcolemma.
• Nucleus & Organelles: present. Mitochondria, microsomes & ER
What is the chemical composition of the muscle?

 Proteins (20%) (either as enzymes or for muscle Cont.)
 Lactic Acid (in muscle that has undergone fatigue)
 ATP, ADP
 Myoglobin (stores O2 & gives colour to the muscle)
Skeletal Muscle Organization
Whole Muscle (an organ)
↓
Muscle Fiber (a single cell)
↓
Myofibrils (a specialized structure)
↓
Thin & Thick filaments
↓
Actin & Myosin (protein molecules)
Skeletal Muscle Organization
A single muscle fiber
LAYERS COVERING
A MUSCLE:
The skeletal
muscle has the
following layers
covering it:
• Epimysium
• Perimysium
• Endomysium
PROTEINS OF MUSCLE:
ACTIN & THIN
FILAMENTS
G-actin is the monomer
which will form the thin
filament. It is a protein
with a molecular weight of
43,000. It has a prominent
site for cross-linkage with
myosin.
G-actin
↓
F-actin
(6-7 nm long polymerized
G-actin, double stranded
in structure)
↓
Thin filaments
Regulatory Proteins of the Muscles
TROPOMYOSIN TROPONIN
• Rod-like protein • Globular protein complex
• Mol. Weight: 70,000 made of 3 polypeptides
• 2 chains: alpha & beta • Forms part of thin filaments
chains
• Under resting conditions, it Binds to Ca2+
covers the site for myosin
attachment on F-actin
Inhibitory in function
molecule.
• Forms part of Thin filaments
Attached to Tropomyosin
THIN FILAMENTS:
• Length: 1 µm
• Diameter: 5-8 nm
• No. of G-Actin mol: 300-400
• Other Proteins:
- Nebulin: provides elasticity to the
sarcomere.
- Titin: is the largest known protein in the
body. It connects the Z-line to the M-line in the
sarcomere & contributes to the contraction of
skeletal muscle.
MYOSIN & THICK
FILAMENTS:
Thick filaments consist of 2
symmetrical halves that
are mirror images of each
other.
• Chief constituent is
MYOSIN, with a mol.
weight of 480,000.
• Its molecule has 2 ends,
a globular end having 2
heads & a rod-like tail.
• It has 6 peptide chains:
- 2 identical heavy
chains (200,000 each)
- 4 light chains ( 20,000
each)
Binding sites on Myosin molecule:
The myosin molecule has 2 binding sites:
1. Binding site for ACTIN
2. ATPase sit e
A SARCOMERE:
• A myofibril displays alternating dark & light
bands.
Myofibril
Dark bands Light bands

(A bands) (I bands)
Anisotropic Isotropic
Thick & thin filaments Thin filaments only
A sarcomere model:
A SARCOMERE
The area between 2 consecutive Z discs/ lines is called A

Sarcomere. It is the functional unit of a muscle.
It has a length of 2.3 µm.
It has the following important features:
• Z-disc
• M-line
• I-band
• A-band
• H-zone
• Titin
• Nebulin
Sarcomere: Organization of Fibers
• Z disks
• I band
• A band
• H Zone
• M line
• Titin
• Nebulin
Figure 12-5: The two- and three-dimensional organization of a sarcomere

• Z-disc: are dense thin membranes made up of special
lattice-like proteins present transversely.
• Dark or A-band: Thick filaments present overlapped by
the thin filaments at the ends only.
• Light or I band: area present b/w the ends of the 2
thick filaments. It consists of thin filaments only.
• H-Zone: The lighter area in the middle of the A-band,
where the thin filaments do not reach. It consists of
thick filaments only.
• M-Line: A line that extends vertically down the middle
of the A-band in the center of the H-zone.
• Pseudo H-zone: M-line+ H-zone.
THE SARCOTUBULAR SYSTEM
Sarcotubular System
The sarcoplasm of the myofibril is filled with a

system of membranes, vesicles and tubules
which are collectively termed as The
Sarcotubular system.
It is made up of:
T-Tubules Sarcoplasmic
Reticulum
SARCOTUBULAR SYSTEM
Transverse System of Tubules Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
(T-Tubules) (SR)
• It is a system of tubules that runs • It is a fine network of
transverse to the long axis of the interconnected compartments
muscle. which run in the longitudinal axis
of a myofibril embedded in the I
• They enter the myofibrils at the and A bands, & surround them.
junction b/w the A and I bands. • They are surrounded by the
• The T-tubules open onto the sarcoplasm & are NOT connected
sarcolemma. It is an invagination to the outside of the cell.
of the cell membrane & thus • At their both ends they show
communicates with the ECF. dilated ends called as Terminal
• It functions to rapidly transmit cisterns or sacs.
the AP from the sarcolemma to • They contain a protein called as
all the myofibrils. Calsequestrin, which binds and
holds CALCIUM.
THE TRIAD
• The cisterns of the SR & the central portion of the T-
tubules give rise to a characteristic pattern called the
TRIAD.
• Each TRIAD consists of 2 terminal sacs of SR & 1 central
t-tubule.
• There is no physical communication between each
component of the triad.
• In the triad, the cisterns of the SR have the Ryanodine
receptors which are complimentary to the
Dihydropyridine receptors on the t-tubule. They are
both involved in excitation-contraction coupling.

How Muscles Generate Movement

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MUSCLE

DR. AYISHA QURESHI

Muscle forms about 50% of

Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle

• LENGTH: upto 75,000 µm or 2.5 feet.

What is the chemical composition of the muscle?

Dark bands Light bands

The area between 2 consecutive Z discs/ lines is called A

Figure 12-5: The two- and three-dimensional organization of a sarcomere

The sarcoplasm of the myofibril is filled with a

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