8
Ahsg Ke.4 88-8?0: COL (^QM)
ER@GR MRHKPFKM-FK-^HRP H^^CG‖Q IEPFEK JER HK H@ZGRQG FKJGRGKAG DWRV FKQPRWAPFEK
8 2 1 0 7 : = ? 6 8> 88 82 81 80 87 8: 8= 8? 86 2> 28 22 21 20 27 2: 2= 2?
W k f t g ` Q t h t g s @ f s t r f a t A e u r t
J e r t o g K e r t o g r k @ f s t r f a t e j A h c f j e r k f h
WKFPG@ QPHPGQ @FQPRFAP AEWRP KERPOGRK @FQPRFAP EJ AHCFJERKFH QHK DEQG @FZFQFEK H^^CG FKA., ^chfktfjj, v. QHIQWKM GCGAPREKFAQ AE., CP@, h Lerghk aerperhtfek< QHIQWKM GCGAPREKFAQ HIGRFAH, FKA., h Kgw Verl aerperhtfek< hk` QHIQWKM PGCGAEIIWKFAHPFEKQ HIGRFAH, CCA, h @gchwhrg cfiftg` cfhbfcfty aeiphky, @gjgk`hkts. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Ahsg Ke.4 A 88-8?0: COL (^QM)
ER@GR MRHKPFKM-FK-^HRP H^^CG‖Q IEPFEK JER HK H@ZGRQG FKJGRGKAG DWRV FKQPRWAPFEK (Rg4 @ealgt Ke. ?67)
Fk tofs phtgkt fkjrfkmgigkt suft, ^chfktfjj Hppcg Fka. (–Hppcg’) sggls hk h`vgrsg fkjgrgkag dury fkstruatfek hmhfkst @gjgk`hkts Qhisukm Gcgatrekfas Ae., CP@. (–QGA’), Qhisukm Gcgatrekfas Higrfah, Fka. (–QGH’), hk` Qhisukm Pgcgaeiiukfahtfeks Higrfah, CCA (–QPH’) (aeccgatfvgcy –Qhisukm’).
8
Qhisukm eppesgs.
2
Ht fssug fs wogtogr Qhisukm teel h`gquhtg stgps te hvef` specfhtfek hjtgr ft soeuc` ohvg rghsekhbcy hktfafphtg` tofs chwsuft hk` gcgatg` ket te `fshbcg tog –hute-`gcgtg’ jukatfek ej fts oeigmrewk –iyQfkmcg’ gihfc systgi.
1
8
Qgg
mgkgrhccy
@ealgt Ke. ?67 (Hppcg‖s Iet. jer H`vgrsg Fkjgrgkag Dury Fkstruatfek).
2
Qgg mgkgrhccy
@ealgt Ke. 6?= (Qhisukm‖s Epp‖k te Hppcg‖s Iet. jer H`vgrsg Fkjgrgkag Dury Fkstruatfek).
1
Ekcy QGA‖s `eauigkt prgsgrvhtfek pecfafgs hrg ht fssug ogrg bgahusg Qhisukm hjjfcfhtgs QGH hk` QPH usg Ifaresejt Eutceel.
Qgg
@ealgt Ke. ?67 (Hppcg‖s Iet. jer H`vgrsg Fkjgrgkag Dury Fkstruatfek) ht 2 (aftfkm @gac. ej Gstogr Lfi fk Qupp. ej Hppcg‖s Iet. jer H`vgrsg Fkjgrgkag Dury Fkstruatfek, Gx. 8>).
Ahsg7488-av->8?0:-COL @eauigkt8128 Jfcg`>=/27/82 ^hmg8 ej 27
2
Ahsg Ke.4 88-8?0: COL (^QM)
ER@GR MRHKPFKM-FK-^HRP H^^CG‖Q IEPFEK JER HK H@ZGRQG FKJGRGKAG DWRV FKQPRWAPFEK
8 2 1 0 7 : = ? 6 8> 88 82 81 80 87 8: 8= 8? 86 2> 28 22 21 20 27 2: 2= 2?
W k f t g ` Q t h t g s @ f s t r f a t A e u r t
J e r t o g K e r t o g r k @ f s t r f a t e j A h c f j e r k f h
Bgahusg tog hkswgr te tofs qugstfek fs ke, tog aeurt MRHKPQ-FK-^HRP Hppcg‖s ietfek jer hk h`vgrsg fkjgrgkag dury fkstruatfek.
0
F.
FKPRE@WAPFEK
Qhisukm‖s hute-`gcgtg gihfc jukatfek fs ke strhkmgr te tog jg`grhc aeurts. Evgr sgvgk yghrs hme, fk
Ieshf` v. Qhisukm
, tog @fstrfat ej Kgw Dgrsgy h``rgssg` tog –reccfkm bhsfs’ by wofao Qhisukm gihfc whs `gcgtg` er etogrwfsg rgk`grg` fkhaagssfbcg.
7
Ieshf`
hcse h``rgssg` Qhisukm‖s `gafsfek ket te jcfp hk –ejj-swftao’ gvgk hjtgr cftfmhtfek bgmhk.
:
Hjtgr aekacu`fkm toht Qhisukm‖s prhatfags rgsuctg` fk tog `gstruatfek ej rgcgvhkt gihfcs, hk` toht –aeiiek sgksg `fathtgs toht \QhisukmY whs ierg cflgcy te ohvg bggk torghtgkg` by toht gvf`gkag,’
=
Ieshf`
hjjfrig` tog fipesftfek ej beto hk h`vgrsg fkjgrgkag hk` iekgthry shkatfeks.
?
Rhtogr tohk bufc`fkm ftsgcj hk ejj-swftao‐hk` usfkm ft‐fk juturg cftfmhtfek suao hs tofs ekg, Qhisukm hppghrs te ohvg h`eptg` tog hctgrkhtfvg hpprehao ej –igk` ft `ek‖t gk` ft.’ Hs gxpchfkg` bgcew, oewgvgr, Qhisukm‖s igk`, gspgafhccy `urfkm tog arftfahc sgvgk iektos hjtgr h rghsekhbcg phrty fk tog shig afrauisthkags weuc` ohvg rghsekhbcy jergsggk tofs suft, jgcc soert ej woht ft kgg`g` te `e.
FF.
CGMHC QPHK@HR@Q
H.
Pog Aeurt‖s Fkogrgkt Hutoerfty te Fipesg Qpecfhtfek Qhkatfeks
Aeurts hrg vgstg` wfto fkogrgkt pewgrs hrfsfkm eut ej –‟tog aektrec kgagsshr\yY . . . te ihkhmg togfr ewk hjjhfrs se hs te haofgvg tog er`grcy hk` gxpg`ftfeus `fspesftfek ej ahsgs.‖’
6
Pofs
0
Fk cfmot ej tog aeipgccfkm pubcfa fktgrgst fk togsg fssugs, tog aeurt jfk`s fksujjfafgkt ahusg te sghc hky pertfeks ej tofs epfkfek er tog `eauigkts ft h``rgssgs.
7
10? J. Qupp. 2` 112, 111, 116 (@.K.D. 2>>0) (shkatfekfkm Qhisukm wfto hk h`vgrsg fkjgrgkag dury fkstruatfek jer specfhtfek hk` jfk`fkm toht –\pYhrtfgs woe jhfc te aeipcy wfto toht ebcfmhtfek \te prgsgrvg petgktfhccy rgcgvhkt `fmfthc fkjerihtfekY `e se ht tog rfsl ej specfhtfek shkatfeks’).
:
Qgg f`.
ht 111.
=
F`.
ht 11?.
?
F`.
ht 10>.
6
Wkfmhr` Qga. Fks. Ae. v. Chlgwee` Gkm‖m & Ijm. Aerp.
, 6?2 J.2` 1:1, 1:? (6to Afr. 8662) (quetfkm
Aohibgrs v. KHQAE, Fka.
, 7>8 W.Q. 12, 01 (8668)).
Haaer`
Ifarek Pgao
.
, Fka. v. Rhibus Fka.
, :07 J.1` 8188, 812: (Jg`. Afr. 2>88) (hppcyfkm Pofr` Afrauft chw)<
Cgek v. F@_ Qys. Aerp.
,
Ahsg7488-av->8?0:-COL @eauigkt8128 Jfcg`>=/27/82 ^hmg2 ej 27
1
Ahsg Ke.4 88-8?0: COL (^QM)
ER@GR MRHKPFKM-FK-^HRP H^^CG‖Q IEPFEK JER HK H@ZGRQG FKJGRGKAG DWRV FKQPRWAPFEK
8 2 1 0 7 : = ? 6 8> 88 82 81 80 87 8: 8= 8? 86 2> 28 22 21 20 27 2: 2= 2?
W k f t g ` Q t h t g s @ f s t r f a t A e u r t
J e r t o g K e r t o g r k @ f s t r f a t e j A h c f j e r k f h
fkogrgkt pewgr ohs bggk rgaemkfzg` fk Higrfahk durfspru`gkag jer hciest twe agkturfgs hs gssgktfhc te tog er`grcy h`ifkfstrhtfek ej tog du`fafhc preagss.
8>
Ierg rgagktcy, tog Kfkto Afrauft ohs gxpcfaftcy rgaemkfzg` trfhc aeurts‖ –fkogrgkt `fsargtfekhry pewgr te ihlg hppreprfhtg gvf`gktfhry rucfkms fk rgspeksg te tog `gstruatfek er specfhtfek ej rgcgvhkt gvf`gkag,’
88
hk` toht shkatfeks jer specfhtfek ej gvf`gkag ihy bg fipesg` uk`gr tog aeurt‖s fkogrgkt pewgrs te ihkhmg fts ewk hjjhfrs.
82
Pog aeurt‖s fkogrgkt pewgrs fkacu`gs tog hbfcfty te cgvy hppreprfhtg shkatfeks hmhfkst h phrty woe prgdu`fags fts eppekgkt toreumo tog specfhtfek ej gvf`gkag toht tog specfhtfkm phrty oh` rghsek te lkew whs rgcgvhkt te cftfmhtfek.
81
B.
Pog Zhrfeus Jeris Qpecfhtfek Qhkatfeks Ihy Phlg
H trfhc aeurt‖s `fsargtfek rgmhr`fkm tog jeri ej h specfhtfek shkatfek fs breh`, hk` ahk rhkmg jrei ifker shkatfeks, suao hs tog hwhr`fkm ej htterkgys‖ jggs,
80
te ierg sgrfeus shkatfeks, suao hs `fsifsshc ej achfis
87
er fkstruatfkm tog dury toht ft ihy `rhw hk h`vgrsg fkjgrgkag.
8:
Pog aeurt‖s 0:0 J.1` 678, 67? (6to Afr. 2>>:) (aftfkm
Jdgcsth` v. Hi. Oek`h Ieter Ae.
, =:2 J.2` 8110, 811=-1? (6to Afr. 86?7))<
Poeipsek v. W.Q. @gp't ej Oeus. & Wrbhk @gv.
, 286 J.R.@. 61, 8>> (@. I`. 2>>1)
(quetfkm
Qfcvgstrf
v. Mgk. Ieters Aerp.
, 2=8 J.1` 7?1, 76> (0to Afr. 2>>8))<
H`lfks v. ]ecgvgr
, 770 J.1` :7>, :72 (:to Afr. 2>>6)<
Jcury v. @hficgr Aoryscgr Aerp.
, 02= J.1` 616, 600 (88to Afr. 2>>7)<
Fk rg KPC, Fka. Qgas. Cftfm.
, 200 J.R.@. 8=6, 868 (Q.@.K.V. 2>>=).
8>
Qgg
Wkftg` Qthtgs v. Ou`sek
, 88 W.Q. (= Arhkao) 12, 11-10, 1 C. G`. 276 (8?82) (jfk`fkm toht –\aYgrthfk fipcfg` pewgrs iust kgagsshrfcy rgsuct te eur Aeurts ej dustfag jrei tog khturg ej togfr fkstftutfek . . . bgahusg togy hrg kgagsshry te tog gxgrafsg ej hcc etogrs’ hk` togy gkhbcg aeurts te –prgsgrvg \togfrY ewk gxfstgkag hk` preietg tog gk` hk` ebdgat ej \togfrY arghtfek’).
88
Mcevgr v. BFA Aerp.
, : J.1` 818?, 8126 (6to Afr. 8661).
82
Qgg Cgek
,
0:0 J.1` ht 67? (6to Afr. 2>>:). Aeurts hcse ohvg hutoerfty te shkatfek h phrty –woe jhfcs te ebgy hk er`gr te prevf`g er pgrift `fsaevgry’ pursuhkt te Jg`grhc Rucg ej Afvfc ^reag`urg 1=(b)(2)(H).
F`.
(fktgrkhc quethtfek ihrls eifttg`). Ogrg, Jg`. R. Afv. ^. 1=(b)(2) fs fkhppcfahbcg bgahusg Qhisukm ohs ket vfechtg` h aeurt er`gr.
Haaer`
Qogpogr` v. Hi. Breh`. Ae.,
Fka.
, :2 J.1` 80:6, 80=0 (@.A. Afr. 8667) (–]ogk rucgs hcekg `e ket prevf`g aeurts wfto sujjfafgkt hutoerfty te pretgat togfr fktgmrfty hk` prgvgkt hbusgs ej tog du`fafhc preagss, tog fkogrgkt pewgr jfccs tog mhp.’).
81
Qgg Mcevgr
, : J.1` ht 8126.
80
Qgg Cgek
, 0:0 J.1` ht 6:8.
87
Qgg f`.
ht 67?.
8:
Qgg Fk rg Erhacg Aerp. Qga. Cftfm.
, :2= J.1` 1=:, 1?:-?= (6to Afr. 2>8>)<
sgg hcse Prfmek Fks. Ae. v. Wkftg` Qthtgs
, 2>0 J.R.@. 2==, 2?0 (G.@. Zh. 2>>8) (ketfkm toht tog spfrft ej tog specfhtfek fkjgrgkag fs ahpturg` fk –tog ihxfi
eikfh prgsuiuktgr aektrh specfhtergi
, wofao ighks, ‟hcc tofkms hrg prgsuig` hmhfkst h `gspefcgr er wrekm`egr.‖’) (quetfkm Bchal‖s Chw @fatfekhry 8>?:
Ahsg7488-av->8?0:-COL @eauigkt8128 Jfcg`>=/27/82 ^hmg1 ej 27