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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTSOUTHERN DISTRICT

OF

NEW

YORK

--------------------------------------------------------

)(

JAENEAN LIGON, individually

and

onbehalf

of

her

minor son, J.G.; FAWNBRACY, individually

and

on behalf

of

her

minor son, W.B.; JACQUELINE YATES;OPINION

&

ORDER

LETITIA LEDAN;

ROSHEAJOHNSON;

KIERON JOHNSON; JOVAN

JEFFERSON;

A.O.,

by

his

parent

DINAH ADAMES;

12

Civ. 2274 (SAS)ABDULLAH TURNER; FERNANDOMORONTA;

and

CHARLES BRADLEY,individually

and

on behalf

of

a class

of

allothers similarly situated,Plaintiffs,-

against-

CITY

OF

NEW YORK; RAYMOND W.KELLY, COMMISSIONER

OF

THE NEWYORK CITY

POLICE

DEPARTMENT;

POLICE

OFFICER

JOHNNY BLASINI;

POLICE

OFFICER

GREGORYLOMANGINO;

POLICE

OFFICER

JOSEPH

KOCH;

POLICE

OFFICER

KIERON RAMDEEN;

POLICE

OFFICERJOSEPH

BERMUDEZ;

POLICE

OFFICER

MIGUEL SANTIAGO;

and POLICE

OFFICERS

JOHN

DOE 1-12,Defendants.

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)(

Case 1:12-cv-02274-SAS-HBP Document 96 Filed 01/08/13 Page 1 of 157

I.INTRODUCTION..............................................4II.LEGAL STANDARD FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION...........10III.APPLICABLE LAW...........................................12A.Sources of Liability.......................................12B.The Fourth Amendment, Stops, and Reasonable Suspicion........16C.Criminal Trespass under New York State Law..................20D.

De Bour

................................................21IV.FINDINGS OF FACT..........................................23A.Evidence of an Unconstitutional Practice or Custom of the NYPD..231.Findings of Fact Regarding Testimony of ADA Rucker andDecline to Prosecute Forms...........................242.Findings of Fact Regarding Plaintiffs’ Stops..............32a.Charles Bradley’s Stop..........................35 b.Abdullah Turner’s Stops.........................41c.J.G.’s Stop...................................49d.Jerome Grant’s Stop............................52e.Roshea Johnson’s Stop..........................54f.Letitia Ledan’s Stops...........................57g.Fernando Moronta’s Stop........................59h.Kieron Johnson’s Stop..........................61i. Jovan Jefferson’s Stop..........................633.Expert Testimony Regarding UF-250 Forms..............66B.Steps Taken by the NYPD in 2012...........................811.NYPD Recognition of a Problem in TAP.................832.Interim Orders 22 and 23 of 2012.......................843.Absence of Steps Meaningfully Addressing Outdoor TAPStops.............................................88V. DISCUSSION................................................92

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A. Standing................................................92B.Preliminary Injunctive Relief...............................951.Clear or Substantial Likelihood of Success on the Merits....95a.Deliberate Indifference..........................97i.ADA Rucker’s Testimony..................97ii.Plaintiffs’ Stops..........................98iii.Decline to Prosecute Forms................104iv.Dr. Fagan’s Analysis.....................106v.Notice to Defendants.....................117vi.Legal Analysis..........................118 b.Failure to Rebut Deliberate Indifference Claim Based onSteps Taken by NYPD in 2012...................1202.Irreparable Harm...................................1333.Balance of Equities.................................1354.Public Interest.....................................137C.Appropriate Scope of Injunctive Relief.......................1401.Immediate Relief...................................1422.Proposed Additional Relief...........................144a. Policies and Procedures........................145 b. Supervision..................................146c.Training....................................147d.Attorneys’ Fees...............................148VI.CONCLUSION..............................................149APPENDIX A....................................................150APPENDIX B....................................................156

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