No. 01-1368
IN THE
Supreme Court of the United States
D
EPARTMENT OF
H
UMAN
R
ESOURCES
,
ET AL
.
,
Petitioners
,—v.—W
ILLIAM
H
IBBS
and U
NITED
S
TATES OF
A
MERICA
,
Respondents
.
ON WRITOF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATESCOURTOF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
BRIEF OF WOMEN’S HISTORY SCHOLARSALICE KESSLER-HARRIS,LINDA KERBER
ET AL.
,IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS
I
SABELLE
K
ATZ
P
INZLER
Counsel of Record
J
ENNIFER
K. B
ROWN
W
ENDY
R. W
EISER
NOWL
EGAL
D
EFENSE AND
E
DUCATION
F
UND
395 Hudson StreetNew York, New York 10014(212) 925-6635C
ONRAD
K. H
ARPER
W
ILLIAM
T. R
USSELL
, J
R
.E
LAINE
M. D
IVELBLISS
A
MANDA
T. P
EREZ
S
IMPSON
T
HACHER
& B
ARTLETT
425 Lexington AvenueNew York, New York 10017(212) 455-2000
Attorneys for Amici Curiae
INTEREST OF
AMICI CURIAE
.................1SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT...................1ARGUMENT.....................................2I.T
HE
C
OURT
S
HOULD
C
ONSIDER
A
LL
E
VIDENCE
O
F
U
NCONSTITUTIONAL
S
TATE
C
ONDUCT
J
USTIFYING
T
HE
FMLA..2II.B
EFORE
T
HE
FMLA, S
TATES
U
NCONSTI
-
TUTIONALLY
D
ISCRIMINATED
I
N
F
AMILY
L
EAVE
F
OR
S
TATE
E
MPLOYEES
.............4A.State Policies Explicitly AccordedDifferent Leave To Women And Men..6B.States Applied Discretionary LeavePolicies Differently For WomenAnd Men................................11C.States Provided No Family Leave......131.States Had Not Enacted FamilyLeave Policies Before Introductionof the FMLA .......................132.State Sick Leave Policies Did NotProvide FMLA-Equivalent FamilyLeave...............................16
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ii
PAGE
III.A L
ONG
H
ISTORY
O
F
U
NCONSTITUTIONAL
S
TATE
-S
PONSORED
S
EX
D
ISCRIMINATION
E
NFORCED
S
EX
R
OLE
S
TEREOTYPES
.......18A.States Excluded Women From Jobs,Assuming that Women Should BeFamily Caretakers......................19B.States Enacted DiscriminatoryProtective Laws Limiting Women’sEmployment Opportunities andConfining Them to the Role of Caretakers..............................21C.States Enacted Other DiscriminatoryLaws that Reinforced Gender-RoleStereotypes and Encouraged Womento Remain Family Caretakers...........251.Benefits for Male Workers Only...252.Presumption in UnemploymentInsurance Law that Women areCaretakers..........................263.Mandatory Maternity Leave forWomen Only.......................284.Jury Service for Men Only.........29CONCLUSION...................................30