• fx •
bomut kbrcgafak, bac jmstly bomut pgmplg. Sg eujba gdmsystgj tebt fs teg dfty fs rfde, bac ft fadlucgs jude jmrg teba mmc. m uacgrstbac, wmrn wftefa, bac gaebadg tebt gdmsystgj, wg aggc tm uacgrstbac amt hust emw wg ggc mur-sglvgs fa dftfgs bac tmwas out emw wg jggt bll mur aggcs8 Emw cm wg ouflc, jmvg bomut, usg wbtgr bac gagrky, ggl sgdurg, jbng cgdfsfmas, smlvg prmolgjs, sustbfa mursglvgs, cgvglmp pmlf-dfgs, lfvg tmkgtegr= Sfs ommn cmdujgats teg rfsg m b agw smpefs-tfdbtfma, cgpte, bac cfvgrsfty fa teg bpprmbdegs bac tefanfak m pgrjbdulturg cgsfkagrs bac prbdtftfmagrs. [ftefa ft brg stmrfgs bac gxbjplgs m empg bac mppmrtuafty mr mur dftfgs, tmwas, bac suouros> teg pgmplg wem lfvg fa tegj> bac teg wflc bac tbjg abturg tebt fs sm egbvfly fjpbdtgc oy tegj. Wroba pgrjbdulturg tbngs webt wg ebvg lgbragc fa teg kbrcga bac bpplfgs ft tm b jude ormbcgr rbakg m eujba gxpgrfgadg. [g‖rg amt hust kbrcgafak plbats out pgmplg, agfkeomr-emmcs, bac gvga dulturgs. Sg wmrc “pgrjbdulturg‚ gvmngs fjbkgs m vgrcbat vgkgtbolg pmlydulturgs gruptfak ogagbte lbcga ruft trggs, m egro spfrbls bac ngyemlg kbrcga ogcs, m swblgs sabnfak blmak dmatmur lfags tm jmfstga smfl bac ouflc eujus, bac m julde, cggp lbygrs m julde gvgrywegrg. Sus ft‖s tgjptfak tm tefan tebt uroba pgrjbdulturg fs sfjply gdmlmkfdbl kbrcgafak tebt‖s ogga sdblgc cmwa sjbll bac tfket, b spgdfblfzgc suosgt m efke-fatgasfty krmwfak jgtemcs cgsfkagc tm dmbx mmc rmj teg gw uapbvgc afdegs jfssgc oy rglgatlgss uroba fallfak bac ouflcfak. Facggc, dftfgs cm pmsg spgdfbl debllgakgs tm mmc krmwfak bac eboftbt prgsgrvbtfma mr wefde pgrjbdulturg mgrs smlutfmas. Out bs Hbag Hbdmos mosgrvgs fa egr dlbssfd jbafgstm ma teg lfvbolg jgtrmpmlfs,
Sg Cgbte bac Lf`g m` Krgbt Bjgrfdba Dftfgs
,
tefanfak m uroba gdmlmky bs ba fjpmvgrfsegc sebcmw m wflc abturg, wegrg pfkgmas obttlg rbts mr cmjfabadg, jfssgs teg vforbat gdmsystgj tebt suusgs bll dftfgs8 teg eujba mag. Blmak teg sbjg lfags, uroba pgrjbdulturg fs maly slfketly
FAS_MCWDSFMA
Lmmnfa bt Dftfgs termue b Ygrjbdulturg Lgas
• x •
SEG YG_JBDWLSW_G DFSV
smrt. Ygrjbdulturg fs b uafvgrsbl cgsfka tmml> teus gbde m us dba ogagt rmj usfak ft. Abturg ebs trfdns tm tgbde gvgrymag. Sg jmst strbfketmrwbrc, gbsfly dmjprg-egacgc wby tm lgbra abturg‖s bpprmbde fs oy jfjfdnfak teg mrj bac prmdgssgs m teg abturbl gavfrmajgat. Sus pgrjbdulturfsts tmmn rst tm teg kbrcga ogdbusg ft mgrgc teg jmst movfmus aursgry fa wefde tm lgbra abturbl-systgjs cgsfka. [bat tm drgbtg b eujba-cgsfkagc ygt stfll egbltey gdmsystgj= Ttbrt wfte teg stu m abturbl mags8 plbats, smfl, wbtgr, bac sualfket. [ega wg usg teg fakrgcfgats tebt lfg ebs wmrngc wmacgrs wfte mr mur ofllfma ygbrs, mllmwfak webt wg namw m abturg‖s cgsfka rulgs, wg wfll og bfcgc oy ogagdfbl drgbturgs bac prmdgssgs tebt semw up spmatbagmusly tm eglp stftde tmkgtegr mur drucg dmastrudtfmas fatm uadtfmafak jfdrmgdm-systgjs. Mur gmrts fa teg kbrcga bac brj brg teg oboy stgps tebt pgrjbdulturfsts ebvg ogga tbnfak tm lgbra emw abturg mpgrbtgs8 plbat kuflcs bac pmlydulturgs, rmtbtfmabl bac sgqugatfbl krbz-fak, trgg drmps ma dmatmur, wbtgr ebrvgstfak, mmc mrgsts, bac ouflcfak smfl rmj teg tmp cmwa.Btgr tefrty ygbrs wg‖rg stbrtfak tm namw webt wg‖rg cmfak. Smusbacs m abturg-jfjfdnfak, mmc-llgc ybrcs bac euacrgcs m brjs ebvg ogga cgsfkagc bac ouflt usfak pgrjbdulturg‖s tmmlnft. Ygrjbdulturg ebs ogga usgc tm cgsfka tfay dmatbfagr kbrcgas ma bpbrtjgat obldmafgs, jmcgst (out faspfrfak) plmts fa dmjjuafty kbrcgas, jfdrmmmc mrgsts fa abrrmw uroba obdnybrcs, mmc-prmcudfak wflclfg kbrcgas fa suourofb, bac prmcudtfvg brjs mut fa teg dmuatry.Bac amw wg‖rg rgblfzfak tebt teg sbjg rulgs bac strbtgkfgs tebt bpply tm uacgrstbac-fak bac cgsfkafak lfvfak gdmsystgjs mr teg emjg bac brj emlc trug mr jbay mtegr eujba gacgbvmrs. Ygrjbdulturg cgsfka bpplfgs ormbcly tm jbay mrjs m webt wg ebvg dmjg Ygrjbdulturg fs bpplfgc gdmlmky> tebt fs, ft fs b cgsfka bpprmbde obsgc ma acfak bac bpplyfak tm mur mwa drgbtfmas smjg m teg kufcfak bxfmjs bt wmrn fa abturbl gdmsystgjs. [g sgbrde mr teg prfadfplgs tebt kgagrbtg lfg‖s rgsflfgadg, fjjgasg prmcudtfvfty, cfvgrsfty, fatgrdmaagdtgcagsss, bac glgkbadg. Ygrjbdulturfsts brg blsm lgbrafak emw abturg cmgs tebt sm wgll weflg pmwgrfak ftsgl wfte sualfket> wmrnfak bt bjofgat, dmjmrtbolg tgjpgrbturgs> bssgjolfak amatmxfd jbtgrfbls vfb lfg-rfgacly prmdgssgs fatm ba gvgr-gvmlvfak bac cggpgafak wgowmrn> bac rgdydlfak bll m ft fa wbys tebt spur ygt jmrg cfvgrsfty bac mppmrtu-aftfgs. Lfg‖s wfscmj dba tgbde us tm ouflc smrgly aggcgc rgplbdgjgats mr facustrfbl prmcudtfma‖s jurcgrmus dmacftfmas, amargagwbolg ugls, bac tmxfd, lbacll-dlmkkfak prmcudts. Out abturg dba cm jmrg teba fjprmvg emw wg jbng tefaks. Ft dba blsm tgbde us emw tm dmmpgrbtg, jbng cgdf-sfmas, bac brrfvg bt kmmc smlutfmas. Sfs jgbas tebt pgrjbdulturfsts dba dmjg rmj bll wblns m lfg. Fa teg gbrly cbys m teg cfsdf-plfag, pgrjbdulturg bttrbdtgc kbrcgagrs, brjgrs, lbacsdbpg cgsfkagrs, bac absdgat pgrjbdulturg tgbdegrs. Out ogdbusg pgrjbdulturg‖s dmadgpts dba og bpplfgc fa sm jbay wbys, pgrjbdulturfsts tmcby fadlucg smtwbrg cgsfkagrs> wbtgr, wbstg, bac gagrky gakfaggrs> smdfbl hustfdg bdtfvfsts> gcudbtmrs bac sdemml bcjfafstrbtmrs rmj teg nfacgrkbrtga lgvgl tm krbcubtg stucfgs> dmjjuafty mrkbafzgrs bac kmvgrajgat mdfbls> rgstmrbtfma gdmlmkfsts> tgbdegrs m ymkb, omcywmrn, bac spfrftubl prbdtfdg> fa semrt, bljmst baymag. Bs pgrjbdulturg tgbdegr Lbrry Tbatmym sbys, ft‖s amt tebt wg “cm‚ pgrjb-dulturg, out rbtegr tebt wg usg pgrjbdulturg fa webt wg cm–wegtegr tebt fs brjfak, lbw, jgcf-dfag, sdfgadg, mr bddmuatfak. Ygrjbdulturg ebs smjgtefak tm mgr gvgrymag. Bll eujbas, ogdbusg wg plba, crgbj, bac jbafpulbtg teg gavfrmajgat wfte mur ebacs bac orbfas, brg cgsfkagrs m smjg
• xf •LMMNFAk BS DFSFGT SE_MWkE B YG_JBDWLSW_G LGAT
cfrgdtly tm cgsfkafak bac wmrnfak amt maly wfte gagrky, wbtgr, bac wbstg systgjs bac mtegr pbrts m teg ouflt gavfrmajgat out blsm wfte webt wg dbll teg favfsfolg strudturgs8 ousfagssgs, durrga-dfgs, bac gdmamjfgs> dmjjuaftfgs, bjflfgs, bac mtegr eujba krmups> lgkbl, hustfdg, bac cgdfsfma-jbnfak prmdgssgs> bac jbay mtegr fatbakfolg bspgdts m mur dulturg. Sfs ommn fs tegjgc lmmsgly brmuac jy mwa jmcfdbtfma m Cbvfc Emljkrga‖s pgrjbdulturg `mwgr, fa wefde gbde pgtbl m teg `mwgr rgprg-sgats b obsfd eujba aggc tebt just og jgt fa b sustbfabolg–mr, ogttgr ygt, rgkgagrbtfvg–wby f wg brg tm ouflc ba gquftbolg, gdmlmkfdblly smuac dulturg. Sfs `mwgr pbttgra m Emljkrga‖s orfl-lfbatly gadbpsulbtgs jbay m pgrjbdulturg‖s dmrg dmadgpts fa b sfaklg krbpefd, bac ft‖s ogdmjg b pgrjbdulturg fdma. Sg `mwgr gxprgssgs tergg dgatrbl fcgbs. Sg rst fs tebt pgrjbdulturg‖s gtefds, prfadfplgs, bac jgtemcs dba og bpplfgc amt hust tm kbrcgas out tm bll gssgatfbl aggcs. Sg sgdmac fs tebt fa mrcgr tm drgbtg b sustbfabolg dulturg, wg aggc tm bccrgss bll m tegsg aggcs, bac teg `mwgr fs ba fdmafd wby tm nggp tegj bll fa rmat m us. Sg tefrc fs tebt wg just jggt tegsg aggcs amt hust bt teg pgrsmabl lgvgl–wg cma‖t hust stmdn up mmc fa mur ouangr–out bt teg lmdbl bac rgkfmabl lgvgls bs wgll. Smsg aggcs fadlucg teg peysfdbl mags, sude bs mmc, gagrky, bac wbtgr, out gqublly fjpmrtbat teg amapeysf-dbl mags, sude bs dmjjuafty bac lfvglfemmc. Fa b sgasg, gbde m teg peysfdbl pgtbls m teg pgrjbdulturg `mwgr tglls us
webt
tm cm8 krmw mmc, ebrvgst wbtgr, rgly ma teg sua. [g dbll tegsg teg vfsfolg strudturgs. Sg amapeysfdbl pgtbls–teg favfsfolg strudturgs m mur dulturg–tgll us
emw
tm cm ft8 sebrg teg wmrn, fadlucg stbngemlcgrs, eglp pgmplg ggl sgdurg, ouflc smdfbl dbpftbl. Ft fs prmoboly mddurrfak tm ymu amw tebt teg webt fs teg jude gbsfgr pbrt. Ylbatfak b sggc tm dbll dmjplgx bcbptfvg systgjs. Sgsg typgs m systgjs fadlucg amt hust gdmsystgjs out orbfas bac agrvmus systgjs, ousfagssgs bac gdmamjfd agtwmrns, dmjjuaftfgs bac agfkeomremmcs, lgkbl bac smdfbl systgjs, bac b emst m mtegr jultfdmjpmagat, fatgrdmaagdtgc, `gxfolg, bac rgspmasfvg systgjs tebt bll mllmw b sfjflbr sgt m kmvgrafak prfadfplgs bac ebvg jbay kgagrbl prmpgrtfgs fa dmjjma. [ebt pgrjbdulturfsts ebvg lgbragc fa teg kbrcga fs prgdfsgly webt systgjs tegmrfsts, gdmlmkfsts, agurmsdfgatfsts, gdmamjfsts, bac jbay mtegrs ebvg ogga lgbrafak fa teg lbo, glc, bac mdg8 [ega jbay pbrts brg bssgjolgc sm tegy dba fatgrbdt bac fa`ugadg gbde mtegr, agw prmpgrtfgs gjgrkg, sude bs sgl-rgkulbtfma, ggcobdn lmmps, sgl-mrkbafzbtfma, bac rgsflfgadg. [g brg ogkfaafak tm uacgrstbac emw tebt ebppgas bac emw wg dba bpply webt wg namw bomut tegsg dmjplgx bcbptfvg systgjs tm mur mwa cgsfkas. Sg rglgvbadg m tegsg systgjs tm tefs ommn fs tefs8 Wroba pgrjbdulturg fs vbstly jmrg teba kbrcgafak fa teg dfty. [ebt pgrjbdulturfsts ebvg lgbragc oy bpplyfak wemlg-systgjs tefan-fak tm mmc prmcudtfma bac eboftbt rgstmrbtfma ebs prmmuac bac fjjgcfbtg bpplfdbtfma tm teg eujba gdmlmky m teg uroba gavfrmajgat. Tm tefs ommn dbaamt maly og bomut kbrcgafak> fa bdt, maly bomut mag-qubrtgr m ft fs. Sbt‖s ogdbusg teg tgdeafdbl prmolgjs m mmc krmwfak brg hust b rbdtfma m teg debllgakgs dmarmatfak us fa mur gssgatfbl bac fadrgbsfakly urkgat tbsn m lgbrafak emw tm dmgxfst wfte b aftg plbagt bac wfte gbde mtegr. Durrgatly wg brg bflfak bt tebt tbsn. Out F‖j rgagwgc bac faspfrgc oy teg krmwfak rgblfzbtfma, omte jy mwa bac tebt m dmuatlgss mtegr gdmlmkfdblly jfacgc pgmplg, tebt teg prfadfplgs, strbtgkfgs, bac jgtemcs tebt ebvg ogga mrkbafzgc uacgr teg egbcfak m pgrjb-dulturg bac rgagc fa kbrcgas bac brjs bpply