BRENNAN CENTER FOR JUSTICE
 AMERICA’S VOTINGMACHINES AT RISK
Lawrence Norden and Christopher Famighetti
Brennan Center for Justice
at New York University School of Law 
 
 ABOUT THE BRENNAN CENTER FOR JUSTICE
Te Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law is a nonpartisan law and policy institute that seeks to improve our systems of democracy and justice. We work to hold our political institutions and laws accountable to the twin American ideals of democracy and equal justice for all. Te Center’s work ranges from voting rights to campaign finance reform, from ending mass incarceration to preserving Constitutional protection in the fight against terrorism. Part think tank, part advocacy group, part cutting-edge communications hub, we start with rigorous research. We craft innovative policies. And we fight for them — in Congress and the states, the courts, and in the court of public opinion.
 ABOUT THE BRENNAN CENTER’S DEMOCRACY PROGRAM
Te Brennan Center’s Democracy Program works to repair the broken systems of American democracy.  We encourage broad citizen participation by promoting voting and campaign reform. We work to secure fair courts and to advance a First Amendment jurisprudence that puts the rights of citizens — not special interests — at the center of our democracy. We collaborate with grassroots groups, advocacy organizations, and government officials to eliminate the obstacles to an effective democracy.
 ABOUT THE BRENNAN CENTER’S PUBLICATIONS
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 | Policy proposals offer innovative, concrete reform solutions.
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© 2015. Tis paper is covered by the Creative Commons “Attribution-No Derivs-NonCommercial” license (see http://creativecommons.org ). It may be reproduced in its entirety as long as the Brennan Center is credited, a link to the Center’s web page is provided, and no charge is imposed. Te paper may not be reproduced in part or in altered form, or if a fee is charged, without the Center’s permission. Please let the Brennan Center know if you reprint.
 
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Te Brennan Center gratefully acknowledges John F. Cogan Jr., Democracy Alliance Partners, Te Ralph and Fanny Ellison Charitable rust, Ford Foundation, the Irving Harris Foundation, Te Charles Evans Hughes Memorial Foundation, the Joyce Foundation, Te JPB Foundation, the Karsten Family Foundation, the John D. and Catherine . MacArthur Foundation, the Mertz Gilmore Foundation, Nancy Meyer and Marc Weiss, Open Society Foundations, the Nancy and John Solana Advised Fund of the Dallas Foundation, the Bernard and Anne Spitzer Charitable rust, Barbra Streisand, and the Vital Projects Fund for their generous support of our voting work. Te Brennan Center and the authors are exceptionally grateful to Nelson Castaño for his research assistance and feedback throughout the process of writing this report. Te authors would also like to especially thank Katherine Valde for her assistance performing interviews with election officials. Carson Whitelemons, Joe Breen, and Iris Zhang provided critical support in bringing this project to completion. Te authors would also like to thank Erik Opsal and Jim Lyons, who provided support in refining, editing, and drafting this report, and Michael Waldman, John Kowal, Jeanine Plant-Chirlin,  Wendy Weiser, and Myrna Pérez for their guidance throughout the drafting process. Devereux Chatillon, of Chatillon Weiss LLP, generously provided pro bono legal services.Tis report benefited from the review and insights of experts and advocates throughout the country.  We thank the following individuals for their generosity in providing critical information and feedback throughout the research and writing process: Merle King, Executive Director, Center for Election Systems at Kennesaw State University; Doug Jones, University of Iowa; Jeremy Epstein, National Science Foundation; Philip Stark, University of California at Berkeley; Whitney Quesenberry, Co-Director, Center for Civic Design; Dana Chisnell, Co-Director, Center for Civic Design; Pam Smith, Executive Director, Verified Voting; Warren Stewart, Communications Director, Verified Voting; Susan Greenhalgh, Elections Specialist, Verified Voting; Susannah Goodman, Director for Corporate  Accountability, Common Cause; David Becker, Director, Election Initiatives, Pew Charitable rusts; Rokey Sulemon, former Elections Official Fairfax County (Virginia) and District of Columbia; Barbara Simons, Voting echnology Expert, and Past President, Association for Computing Machinery; Greg Miller, Co-Executive Director, Open Source Election echnology Foundation; Joe Hall, Chief echnologist, Center for Democracy and echnology; ammy Patrick, Senior Advisor, Bipartisan Policy Center; Wendy Underhill, Program Manager – Elections, National Conference of State Legislatures; Katy Owens Hubler, Senior Policy Specialist, National Conference of State Legislatures; and Jack Cobb, Pro V&V.  We thank the U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) for reviewing this report and providing helpful feedback. Tis report would not have been possible without the many election officials who agreed to be interviewed, review case studies, and provide feedback regarding the substance and recommendations in this report.  Among the county election officials, we would like to especially thank: Dana DeBeauvoir, Clerk, ravis County (exas) and Michael Winn, Director of Elections, ravis County (exas); Dean Logan, Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk, Los Angeles County (California); Amber McReynolds, Director of Elections, Denver Clerk and Recorder (Colorado); Neal Kelley, Registrar, Orange County (California);  Wendy Noren, Clerk, Boone County (Missouri); Joe Rozell, Director of Elections, Oakland County
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