Aumbkmgf Jdrccr Qcdkmgcss
Z C X [ C O A C Q 1 8 4 >
[ec Jiugjmb in Ztdtc Fivcrgocgts
JDXM[IB
QCZCDQJE
CKSJD[MIG & VIQLNIQJC XIBMJ]
[EC JISGJMB IN Z[D[C FI^CQGOCG[Z
Ztdtc ckujdtmig bcdkcrs strmvc ti ecbp stukcgts cgtcr tec wirlnirjc prcpdrck ti sujjcck‛ti ac jdrccr rcdky. [ec tcro jdrccr rcdkmgcss ms usck mg ckujd-tmig systcos dt tec gdtmigdb, stdtc dgk bijdb bcvcbs ti kcsjrmac tec slmbbs, dttrmautcs dgk prcpdrckgcss stukcgts gcck ti cgtcr tec wirlnirjc. Bmlcwmsc, jibbcfc rcdkmgcss ms jiooigby kcsjrmack ds tec slmbbs, dttrmautcs dgk ckujdtmigdb rcqumrcocgts gcckck ti sujjcck mg jibbcfc. Jibbcfc rcdkmgcss ms dbsi jigsmkcrck ti mgjbukc tec dambmty in d stukcgt ti sujjcck mg jibbcfc wmteiut edvmgf ti tdlc rcockmd-tmig jiurscs. Jdrccr rcdkmgcss ms pdmrck ay odgy stdtcs wmte tec tcro jibbcfc rcdkmgcss ds jibbcfc dgk jdrccr rcdkm-gcss. Vembc :> stdtcs dgk tec Kmstrmjt in Jibuoamd edvc stdtc kcfflgmtmigs in jibbcfc dgk jdrccr rcdkmgcss, 45 stdtcs ki git edvc sct kcfflgmtmigs nir jibbcfc ir jdrccr rcdkmgcss.
4
Vedt ms jdrccr rcdkmgcss9
Vembc tecrc ms gi ugmvcrsdb dfrccocgt ig d jiooig kcfflgmtmig nir jibbcfc ir jdrccr rcdkmgcss, tec Jdrccr Qcdkmgcss Xdrtgcr Jiugjmb privmkcs tec nibbiwmgf kcfflgmtmig nir jdrccr rcdkmgcss. ‒D jdrccr-rcdky pcrsig cnncjtmvcby gdvmfdtcs pdte-wdys tedt jiggcjt ckujdtmig dgk copbiyocgt ti djemcvc d nubfflbbmgf, fflgdgjmdbby-scjurc dgk sujjcss-nub jdrccr. D jdrccr ms oirc tedg `ust d `ia. Jdrccr rcdkmgcss eds gi kcfflgck cgkpimgt. [i ac jdrccr rcdky mg iur cvcr-jedgfmgf fbiadb cjigioy rcqumrcs dkdptdambmty dgk d jioomtocgt ti bmncbigf bcdrgmgf, dbigf wmte odstcry in lcy djdkcomj, tcjegmjdb dgk wirlpbdjc lgiwbckfc, slmbbs dgk kmspismtmigs tedt vdry nrio igc jdrccr ti dgitecr dgk jedgfc ivcr tmoc ds d pcrsig prifrcsscs dbigf d kcvcbipocgtdb jigtmguuo. Lgiwbckfc, slmbbs dgk kmspismtmigs tedt drc mgtcr-kcpcgkcgt dgk outudbby rcmgnirjmgf.‟
1
Vembc jibbcfc dgk jdrccr rcdkmgcss pbdggmgf kcfflgmtmigs vdry stdtc ay stdtc, tec jcgtrdb tecocs in djdkcomj lgiwbckfc, slmbbs dgk dsscssocgt sjircs drc niugk mg oist kcfflgmtmigs. [ecsc kcfflgmtmigs privmkc tec vmsmig nir stdtcs” ckujdtmig prifrdoomgf driugk jdrccr kcvcbipocgt.
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Vedt kics jdrccr rcdkmgcss biil bmlc mg tec stdtcs9
Mg mts rcpirt, Ippirtugmtmcs dgk Iptmigs0 Odlmgf Jdrccr Xrcpdrdtmig Virl nir Ztukcgts, tec Jiugjmb in Jemcn Ztdtc Zjeiib Inffljcrs cxprcssck jigjcrg ivcr dgtmqudtck jdrccr prcpdrdtiry prifrdos dgk tec bdjl in rcspigsmvcgcss ti tec gccks in tec ausmgcss jio-ougmty ay scjigkdry sjeiibs djriss tec gdtmig.
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[ec S.Z. Jedoacr in Jioocrjc dbsi emfebmfetck jig-jcrgs doigf tec ausmgcss jioougmty tedt ckujdtmig dgk wirlnirjc systcos drc git privmkmgf copbiycrs tec slmbbck wirlcrs ausmgcsscs gcck.
3
Mg bmfet in tecsc jigjcrgs, stdtcs drc tdlmgf smfgmffljdgt stcps ti cgsurc tedt stukcgts drc jibbcfc dgk jdrccr rcdky. [ec [cggcsscc Xriomsc prifrdo, wemje ms aite d sjeibdrsemp dgk ocgtirmgf prifrdo nijusck ig mgjrcdsmgf tec guoacr in stukcgts wei dttcgk jibbcfc, privmkcs twi ycdrs in nrcc jibbcfc dt jioou-gmty ir tcjegmjdb jibbcfcs mg tec stdtc nir dbb stukcgts.
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1
[EC JISGJMB IN Z[D[C FI^CQGOCG[Z
[ems mggivdtmvc prifrdo, jiupbck wmte tec wirl-adsck bcdrgmgf ippirtugmtmcs tec stdtc privmkcs nir stukcgts mg emfe sjeiib, ms pdrt in [cggcsscc”s jigjcrtck cnnirts ti moprivc tec wirlnirjc ay moprivmgf tec ckujdtmig pmpcbmgc dgk wirlmgf wmte tec ausmgcss jioougmty ti occt tecmr gccks nir slmbbck wirlcrs.
Vedt kics jdrccr rcdkmgcss biil bmlc nir stukcgts wmte kmsdambmtmcs9
Nirty-twi stdtcs dgk tec Kmstrmjt in Jibuoamd rcqumrc ir strigfby cgjiurdfc sjeiibs ti mopbcocgt mgkmvmkudbmzck pcrsig-jcgtcrck pbdgs (dbsi rcncrrck ti ds mgkmvmkudbmzck bcdrgmgf pbdgs (MBXs)) ds d ocdgs in ndjmbmtdtmgf jibbcfc dgk jdrccr rcdkmgcss doigf dbb yiute, mgjbukmgf teisc wmte kmsdambmtmcs. Xcrsig-jcgtcrck pbdgs drc kcfflgck ay tec 1818 Nckcrdb ]iute [rdgsmtmig Xbdg ds trdgsmtmig pbdggmgf wemje ms scbn-kmrcjtck dgk strcgfte-adsck wmte yiute tdlmgf ig mgjrcdsmgfby frcdtcr kcjmsmig-odlmgf dgk bcdkcrsemp ribcs ds tecy oivc tiwdrks dkubteiik.
6,5
[ec Gdtmigdb Jibbdaird-tmvc ig Virlnirjc dgk Kmsdambmty nir ]iute kcsjrmacs MBXs ds aite d kijuocgt dgk d prijcss tedt stukcgts usc ‚ wmte suppirt nrio sjeiib jiugscbirs, tcdjecrs, dgk pdrcgts ‚ ti kcfflgc tecmr jdrccr fidbs dgk pistscjigkdry pbdgs mg irkcr ti mgniro tec stukcgt”s kcjmsmigs daiut tecmr jiurscs dgk djtmvmtmcs teriufeiut emfe sjeiib dgk acyigk.
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D odp in pcrsig-jcgtcrck pbdggmgf stdtc pibmjmcs ms mgjbukck ig tec S.Z. Kcpdrtocgt in Bdair”s Inffljc in Kmsdambmty Copbiy-ocgt Xibmjy wcasmtc.
48
Jurrcgtby, stukcgts wmte smfgmffljdgt kmsdambmtmcs ody ac cxjbukck nrio pdrtmjmpdtmgf mg tec MBX prijcss mg scvcrdb stdtcs. [ec jrmtcrmd usck ay stdtcs ti kctcromgc wemje stu-kcgts, mn dgy, drc ecbk cxcopt nrio pdrtmjmpdtmig mg tec MBX prijcss vdrmcs frcdtby dgk mg oist jdscs d stukcgt”s pdrcgt ir fudrkmdg oust smfg inn nir tems cxcoptmig ti ijjur. [ec bdjl in d jiooig kcfflgmtmig nir yiute wmte smfgmffljdgt kms-dambmtmcs jigtrmautcs ti tec bdjl in stdtc-bcvcb kdtd fdtecrck ig tec guoacr in stukcgts wei wcrc cxcopt.
44
Ds d pdrt in tec scrvmjcs kcbmvcry mssucs mg jdrccr kcvcbipocgt pbdggmgf, djjcssmabc jdrccr kcvcbipocgt odtcrmdbs dgk jdrccr mgnir-odtmig drc git rcdkmby dvdmbdabc ti dbb stukcgts, dgk stukcgts wmte smfgmffljdgt kmsdambmtmcs mg odgy kmstrmjts ki git rcjcmvc jdrccr kcvcbipocgt odtcrmdbs ir scrvmjcs dt dbb.
41
[ec Jiugjmb in Ztdtc Fivcrgocgts dgk tec Gdtmigdb Jig-ncrcgjc in Ztdtc Bcfmsbdturcs, mg pdrtgcrsemp wmte tec S.Z. Kcpdrtocgt in Bdair”s Inffljc in Kmsdambmty Copbiyocgt Xibmjy, cstdabmseck dgk jigvcgck tec Gdtmigdb [dsl Nirjc ig Virlnirjc Kcvcbipocgt nir Xcipbc wmte Kmsdambmtmcs mg 184>. [ec tdsl nirjc rcjioocgkck tedt stdtcs cgsurc tedt bdws mgjbukc‚dgk ki git privmkc cxcoptmigs nir‚stukcgts wmte kmsdambmtmcs mg tec jdrccr rcdkmgcss prifrdos dgk tedt tecsc prifrdos dgk systcos ac djjcssmabc ti stukcgts wmte kmsdambmtmcs. [ec tdsl nirjc emfebmfetck Lcgtujly, wemje eds bcfmsbdtmvc bdgfudfc tedt dnfflros tec jiopbcocgtdry gdturc in pcrsig-jcgtcrck pbdggmgf dgk mgkmvmkudbmzck ckujdtmig pbdgs nir stukcgts wmte kmsdambmtmcs ds tecy trdgsmtmig nrio sjeiib ti dkubteiik. Drmzigd, Jibirdki, Jiggcjtmjut dgk Vmsjigsmg dbsi edvc mssuck pibmjy kmrcjtmvcs ti tems cnncjt.
4:
Vedt mggivdtmig ms fimgf ig mg tec stdtcs9
Xrcpdrmgf stukcgts nir d typmjdb jdrccr pdte tikdy kics git gcjcssdrmby nibbiw tec trdkmtmigdb jiursc in emfe sjeiib ir jibbcfc bcdkmgf ti bigf-tcro copbiyocgt wmte d smgfbc copbiycr. Qdtecr, djjirkmgf ti tec oist rcjcgt dvdmbdabc kdtd nrio tec S.Z. Aurcdu in Bdair Ztdtmstmjs, tec dvcrdfc wirlcr tikdy stdys dt cdje in ems ir ecr `ias nir ;.; ycdrs, wmte tec wirlnirjc”s yiugfcst copbiyccs stdymgf bcss tedg tercc ycdrs.
4;
[edt ocdgs tec typmjdb wirlcr wmbb edvc 43 ti 18 `ias ivcr ems ir ecr wirlmgf bmnc. Igc rcdbmty in tikdy”s wirlnirjc, eiwcvcr, eds rcodmgck tec sdoc0 yiute gcck ti kcvcbip tec slmbbs, aite fcgcrdb dgk jdrccr-spcjmfflj, tedt drc kcsmrck ay copbiycrs mg irkcr ti ac sumtck ti tec emfeby jiopctmtmvc bdair nirjc. Ztdtcwmkc mopbcocgtdtmig in qudbmty jioprcecgsmvc jdrccr kcvcbipocgt prifrdos dgk djtmvmtmcs ms d priomsmgf strdtcfy stdtcs usc ti djemcvc tec kudb fidbs in jibbcfc dgk jdrccr rcdkmgcss.
43
Tudbmty jdrccr kcvcbipocgt mgjbukcs privmkmgf yiute wmte wirl-adsck bcdrgmgf ippirtugmtmcs dgk kcvcb-ipocgtdbby dppriprmdtc jdrccr kcvcbipocgt slmbb-aumbkmgf djtmvmtmcs mg tercc slmbb kiodmgs-- scbn-cxpbirdtmig, jdrccr cxpbirdtmig, dgk jdrccr pbdggmgf dgk odgdfcocgt. Ds d pdrt in jioprcecgsmvc jdrccr kcvcbipocgt prifrdos, stdtcs drc nijusmgf ig wirl-adsck bcdrgmgf ippirtugmtmcs ti krmvc stukcgt mgtcrcst mg jdrccr kcvcbipocgt dgk ti ecbp stukcgts djqumrc tec slmbbs gcckck ti sujjcck mg tec wirlnirjc. Qcjcgt rcscdrje seiws tedt dt dbb ckujdtmigdb bcvcbs (X-18) dgk dbb dfc bcvcbs (yiute teriufe dkubt), jdrccr kcvcbipocgt pismtmvcby mopdjts djdkcomj djemcvcocgt,
4>,46,45
jdrccr odtu-rmty,
4=,18
ckujdtmigdb oitmvdtmig, jipmgf slmbbs, scbn-cstcco,
14
dgk dfc-dppriprmdtc cxpbirdtmig dgk jdrccr kcjmsmig-odl-mgf.
11
Nir biw pcrniromgf dgk dt-rmsl yiute, strdtcfmcs bmlc jdrccr kcvcbipocgt tedt mgjrcdsc tec rcbcvdgjc dgk ocdg-mgfnubgcss in tecmr ckujdtmig ippirtugmtmcs edvc accg niugk ti moprivc djdkcomj pcrnirodgjc dgk jiursc mgtcrcst.
1:
Ircfig, Ziute Jdribmgd dgk Vmsjigsmg drc bcdkmgf tec gdtmig mg rcjrumtmgf copbiycrs, prcpdrmgf dgk pbdjmgf stukcgts mg arilcrck wirl-adsck bcdrgmgf ippirtugmtmcs jigsmstcgt wmte tecmr mgkmvmkudbmzck jdrccr fidbs, dgk struj-turmgf teisc cxpcrmcgjcs teriufe tec usc in pcrsig-jcgtcrck pbdgs.
1;
Ircfig nijuscs ig d pcrsig-jcgtcrck pbdggmgf oikcb tedt ms coackkck teriufeiut tecmr puabmj ckujdtmig, wirlnirjc dgk sijmdb scrvmjcs systcos.
13
Ziute Jdribmgd”s jdrccr rcdkmgcss systco eds dg copedsms ig mgtcrgsemps, `ia sedkiwmgf, ocgtirmgf dgk wirl-adsck bcdrgmgf wmte rcbdtck jbdssriio mgstrujtmig. [ec jdrccr kcvcbipocgt prifrdo-omgf mg tec stdtc in Ziute Jdribmgd ms jbiscby dbmfgck wmte tec stdtc”s 41 Virlnirjc Mggivdtmig dgk Ippirtugmty Djt rcfmigs fmvmgf tec stdtc tec dambmty ti occt tec bdair gccks in tec ausmgcss jioougmty.
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Zmombdr ti tec Ziute Jdribmgd oikcb, Vmsjigsmg dbsi nijuscs ig slmbbs stdgkdrks jcrtmffljdtcs prifrdos, `ia sedkiwmgf, scrvmjc bcdrgmgf dgk mgtcrgsemps ds pdrts in tecmr jdrccr rcdkmgcss prifrdoomgf. Vmsjigsmg”s ]iute Dpprcgtmjcsemp Xrifrdo ms d 1 ycdr oikcb nir `ugmirs dgk scgmirs mg emfe sjeiib tedt mgjbukcs d omgmouo in =88 eiurs in pdmk wirl-adsck bcdrgmgf dgk niur scocstcrs in dppbmjdabc jbdssriio mgstrujtmig.
16
[ecsc stdtcs drc fflgkmgf sujjcss mg prcpdrmgf yiute nir tec wirlnirjc ay wirlmgf wmte tec ausmgcss jioougmty dgk privmkmgf ippirtugmtmcs nir stukcgts ti cgfdfc mg jdrccr pbdggmgf djtmvmtmcs tedt drc cxpcrmcgtmdb.