Ugrlcgroi Mivikgpfi`t Iccgrts cgr ^igpki watb Masjhakatais4 Bara`e, Xiti`tag` j`m Xii`try
D J @ Y J X Q 8 > : 5
]bi Ogu`oak gc _tjti Egvir`fi`ts
OJ^A]GK
XI_IJXOB
IMYOJ]AG@ & UGXLCGXOI ^GKAOQ
]BI OGY@OAK GC _]J]I EGSIX@FI@]_
A` 8>:3, ]bi Ogu`oak gc _tjti Egvir`fi`ts j`m tbi @jtag`jk Og`ciri`oi gc _tjti Kieaskjturis jssifhkim j `jtag`jk tjsl cgroi tg cgous g` wgrlcgroi mivikgp-fi`t iccgrts tjreita`e pigpki watb masjhakatais a` tbi stjtis. ]bas tjsl cgroi bjm cgur suhogffattiis ogf-pgsim gc stjti pgkaoyfjlirs jkg`e watb `g`-vgta`e stjlibgkmirs crgf tbi pravjti siotgr j`m jojmifaj. ]bi tbarm a` j cgur-pjrt sirais tbjt oga`oamis watb tbi suhogffattii tgpaos, tbas O_E Ojpatgk Xisijrob hraic baebkaebts tbi riogffi`mjtag`s crgf tbi Bar-a`e, Xiti`tag` j`m Xii`try, gr BXX, _uhogffattii gc tbi @jtag`jk ]jsl Cgroi g` Ugrlcgroi Mivikgp-fi`t j`m Ifpkgyjhakaty cgr ^igpki watb Masjhakatais. ]bi suhogffattii cgu`m tbrii ojtiegrais gc pgkaoy gptag`s jt tbi stjti kivik tbjt ogukm afprgvi tbi og`-matag` gc bara`e, riti`tag` j`m rii`try cgr pigpki watb masjhakatais4 i`ejea`e tbi pravjti siotgr, istjhkasba`e tbi stjti js j fgmik ifpkgyir, j`m afpkifi`ta`e stjy jt wgrl j`m ritur` tg wgrl prgerjfs a` pravjti j`m puhkao siotgrs. ]bgsi gptag`s”js wikk js strjtieais cgr tbiar afpkifi`tjtag`”jri gutka`im hikgw.
_tjti ^gkaoy Gptag`s4 I`ejea`e ^ravjti _iotgr Ifpkgyirs
]bi suhogffattii prgvamis cgur pgkaoy gptag`s cgr stjtis siila`e tg stafukjti pravjti-siotgr i`ejeifi`t a` bara`e j`m ritja`a`e ifpkgyiis watb masjhakatais. ]bisi gppgrtu`atais cgous g` a`orijsa`e j` u`mir-stj`ma`e gc husa`iss `iims, ria`cgroa`e ogffu`aojtag` hitwii` stjlibgkmirs j`m prgvama`e tbi cgu`mjtag` cgr ifpkgyiis tg tbravi a` tbi wgrlpkjoi.•
_tjtis oj` prgvami tiob`aojk jssastj`oi tg j`m i`ejei watb husa`issis a`tiristim a` ifpkgya`e a`ma-vamujks watb masjhakatais.
A` grmir tg a`orijsi sbjrim l`gwkimei j`m ogkkjhgrjtag` jfg`e stjlibgkmirs, stjtis fjy prgvami wratti` risgurois, a`okuma`e hist prjotaois, cgr pravjti-siotgr ifpkgyirs riejrma`e tbi bara`e j`m riti`tag` gc a`mavamujks watb mas-jhakatais. ]bisi fjtirajks wgukm hi hist mivikgpim hy mimaojtim stjcc watb husa`iss ixpirtasi wbg u`mirstj`m tbi u`aqui gppgrtu`atais j`m objkki`eis cgr ifpkgyirs j`m ifpkgyiis a` tbi pravjti siotgr. ^gkaoyfjlirs fjy gpt tg istjhkasb j`m ixpj`m egv-ir`grs‑ ogffattiis, ogffassag`s j`m hgjrms tbjt
A` Cgous4
tbi Bara`e, Xiti`tag` j`m Xii`try _uhogffattii
]bi suhogffattii‑s objrei wjs tg ami`tacy bgw stjti egvir`fi`t-kivik pgkaoais, prgerjfs, cu`ma`e j`m a`atajtavis oj` a`orijsi tbi `ufhir j`m mavirsaty gc ifpkgyiis watb masjhakatais a` tbi wgrlcgroi. ]bi ergup cgousim g` tbi assuis surrgu`ma`e bara`e, riti`tag` j`m jmvj`oifi`t a` hgtb pravjti-siotgr j`m puhkao-siotgr ojriirs. ]bi suhogffattii jksg og`samirim tbi objkki`eis a` rii`try. J pirsg` oj` joquari j masjhakaty jt j`y tafi< cgr a`mavamujks cgr wbgf masjhakaty `ioissatjtis j` jhsi`oi crgf wgrl, tbiri fjy hi ghstjokis tbjt ba`mir tbiar ritur` tg tbi wgrlcgroi.
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]BI OGY@OAK GC _]J]I EGSIX@FI@]_
wgrl jkg`esami husa`issis ogffattim tg ifpkgya`e pigpki watb masjhakatais. _tjtis fjy jksg prgvami j sa`eki pga`t gc og`tjot tbjt oj` bikp husa`issis `jvaejti stjti jei`oais tbjt suppgrt ifpkgyfi`t gc a`mavamujks watb masjhakatais. Ca`jkky, stjtis jksg oj` i`ejei a` puhkao jwjri`iss j`m imuojtag` ojfpjae`s tg baebkaebt suooiss stgrais. µ]bi Ckgramj Egvir`gr‑s Ogffassag` g` Dghs cgr Ckgramaj`s watb Masjhakatais bjs istjhkasbim j` ifpkgyir bikp misl watba` tbi Jhakatais Ugrl wih pgrtjk tg prg-vami j sa`eki pga`t gc og`tjot tg jssast ifpkgyirs watb `jvaejta`e stjti j`m cimirjk masjhakaty suppgrt systifs. µ_gutb Mjlgtj‑s Jhakaty cgr Bari ojfpjae`, j` a`atajtavi
gc tbi _gutb Mjlgtj Mipjrtfi`t gc Bufj` _irvaois, prgvamis ka`ls tg orataojk risgurois j`m vamig tistafg`a-jks crgf husa`iss gw`irs g` tbiar gw` ixpirai`ois j`m rijkazim hi`its gc bara`e pigpki watb masjhakatais.•
_tjtis oj` ixti`m mavirsaty j`m a`okusag` (jcrfjtavi jotag`) pgkaoais j`m ixpj`m j`m afprgvi sikc-ami`taoj-tag` prjotaois.
]bas ogukm a`okumi ixti`ma`e jcrfjtavi jotag` pkj`s tbjt usi j`jkysas j`m egjks jppkaojhki tg rjoi, `jtag`jk graea` j`m ei`mir, tg a`okumi masjhakaty cgr husa-`issis og`trjota`e watb stjti egvir`fi`t. _tjtis jksg oj` ixpj`m j`m afprgvi sikc-ami`taojtag` prjotaois tg i`suri joourjti ogu`ts gc pigpki watb masjhakatais. µOg``iotaout, Li`tuoly, Fja`i, Fa``isgtj, @iw Dirsiy, Xbgmi Askj`m j`m Uasog`sa` jkk a`okumi masjhakaty a` tbi kast gc ojtiegrais ogvirim hy jcrfjtavi jotag` riquarifi`ts.
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_tjtis oj` mivikgp gr usi ixasta`e mjtjhjsis gc pirsg`s watb masjhakatais kggla`e cgr ifpkgyfi`t.
_trijfka`a`e tbi prgoiss hy wbaob ifpkgyirs ogffattim tg bara`e stjcc watb masjhakatais jri fjtobim watb pgti`tajk ifpkgyiis as afpgrtj`t tg a`orijsa`e gvirjkk ifpkgyfi`t a` tbi pravjti siotgr cgr a`mavamujks watb masjhakatais. _tjtis oj` wgrl tg orijti j`m/gr suppgrt pkjtcgrfs bikpa`e ifpkgyirs j`m pgti`tajk ifpkgyiis tg `m ijob gtbir a` j vjraity gc wjys, a`okuma`e wih-hjsim prgerjfs j`m mjtjhjsis. µA` Ytjb, tbi ^UM@I] dgh gpi`a`e prgerjf jkkgws
husa`issis tbjt bjvi u`mireg`i joogffgmjtag`s j`m masjhakaty-bara`e trja`a`e tg je dgh pgsta`es g` tbi stjtiwami dgh hgjrm watb j ^UM@I] tje, i`ogurjea`e pigpki watb masjhakatais tg jppky cgr tbgsi gpi` pgsatag`s. µA` Ckgramj, tbi Jhakatais Ugrl pgrtjk i`ogurjeis husa-
`issis tg pgst gpi` pgsatag`s tg tbi Ifpkgy Ckgramj Fjrlitpkjoi j`m utakazi tbi Jhakatais Ugrl bikp misl tg sguroi oj`mamjtis crgf tbi stjti vgojtag`jk ribjhakatj-tag` okai`t kasts.•
_tjtis oj` ixpj`m j`m afprgvi ogffu`aty ka`ljeis jfg`e i`tatais jkrijmy i`ejeim a` a`orijsa`e ifpkgyfi`t gppgrtu`atais cgr a`mavamujks watb masjhakatais.
^gkaoyfjl-irs oj` fjli masjhakaty ifpkgyfi`t j pjrt gc tbi stjti wgrlcgroi mivikgpfi`t strjtiey hy i`sura`e pbysaojk j`m prgerjffjtao jooissahakaty tg Jfiraoj` Dgh Oi`tirs js pjrt gc tbi stjti pkj`s suhfattim u`mir tbi Ugrlcgroi A``gvjtag` j`m Gppgrtu`aty Jot.
_tjti ^gkaoy Gptag`s4 ]bi _tjti js j Fgmik Ifpkgyir
]bi suhogffattii mivikgpim sax gptag`s cgr stjtis siila`e tg istjhkasb tbi stjti js fgmik ifpkgyirs gc a`mavamujks watb masjhakatais< js j fjdgr ifpkgyir a` ats gw` raebt, tbi stjti oj` j`m sbgukm kijm hy ixjfpki a` bara`e j`m ritja`-a`e ifpkgyiis watb masjhakatais hy istjhkasba`e pgkaoais tbjt riiot hist prjotaois.•
_tjtis oj` usi cgrfjk fiobj`asfs tg i`jot pgkaoais ogffatta`e stjtis tg hi fgmik ifpkgyirs gc pigpki watb masjhakatais.
]bas fjy a`okumi ixioutavi grmirs, kieaskjtag` gr hgtb. Kieaskjtag` bjs istjhkasbim tbisi fiobj`asfs a` sivi` stjtis< tbisi fijsuris bjvi hii` i`jotim hy ixiou-tavi grmir a` cgur stjtis. A` sivi` stjtis, hgtb ixioutavi grmir j`m kieaskjtag` bjvi cgrfjkazim tbisi iccgrts.•
_tjtis oj` orijti a`crjstruoturi tg fjxafazi tbi kalika-bggm tbjt ifpkgyfi`t-rikjtim j`m gtbir assuis afpjota`e pigpki watb masjhakatais jri jmmrissim hy egvir`fi`t jei`oais jt tbi ijrkaist stjeis gc pgkaoy mivikgpfi`t, misae`, afpkifi`tjtag` j`m ivjkujtag`.
Hy a`okuma`e objfpag`s cgr tbgsi watb masjhakatais a` stjti grej`azj-tag`jk struoturis, stjtis oj` a`orijsi tbi kalikabggm tbjt masjhakaty-spioao og`samirjtag`s jri a`ogrpgrjtim a`tg tbi pgkaoyfjla`e j`m afpkifi`tjtag` prgoiss. _tjtis bjvi usim j vjraity gc strjtieais tg jobaivi tbas i`m, a`okuma`e orijta`e ojha`it-kivik pgsatag`s, orijta`e joogu`tjhakaty tbrgueb strjtieao pkj``a`e j`m og`vi`a`e a`tirjei`oy ogffattiis tg tbas i`m. Ixti`ma`e mavirsaty j`m a`okusag` a`atajtavis jppkaojhki tg stjti jei`oais j`m mipjrtfi`ts tg a`okumi masjhakaty fjy jksg hi j` gptag`. _tjlibgkmirs watb masjhakatais oj` hi eavi` j vgaoi tbrgueb a`okusag` a` tbi pgkaoyfjla`e prgoiss j`m tbrgueb ejtbira`e mjtj g` hjrrairs tg wgrlcgroi pjrtaoapjtag`. µA` Fjrykj`m, tbiri as j ojha`it-kivik mipjrtfi`t cgr pgkaoy rikjta`e tg pigpki watb masjhakatais. ]bi sioritjry gc masjhakatais, js bijm gc tbi Fjrykj`m Mipjrtfi`t gc Masjhakatais, sats g` `ufirgus jmvasgry ogu`oaks j`m tjsl cgrois rikjtim tg masjhakaty assuis. ]bi mipjrtfi`t jksg prgvamis a`cgrfjtag` j`m ricirrjks tg Fjrykj`m oatazi`s watb masjhakatais, ivjkujtis rikivj`t stjti prgerjfs, og`sukts watb j`m jmvasis tbi Fjrykj`m Ogffassag` g` Masjhakaty. µA` @iw Fixaog, tbi Egvir`gr‑s Ogffassag` g` Mas-
jhakaty ‛sirvis js j kajasg` j`m jmvasgr tg tbi egvir`gr j`m kieaskjturi g` masjhakaty assuis.‖ ]bi ogffassag`
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]BI OGY@OAK GC _]J]I EGSIX@FI@]_
ogfprasis stjtutgry j`m jppga`tim fifhirs j`m as sup-pgrtim hy stjcc fifhirs. _ivi` gtbir stjtis”Jkjslj, Ojkacgr`aj, Fjssjobusitts, ^i``sykvj`aj, _gutb Mjlgtj, Ytjb j`m Ujsba`etg`”jksg bjvi istjhkasbim ogf-fattiis, a`tirjei`oy wgrla`e ergups gr tjsl cgrois cgr tbisi pgkaoy assuis. µ]brii stjtis”Jkjslj, Ojkacgr`aj j`m Fjssjobusitts”bjvi jmgptim strjtieao pkj`s cgr stjti ifpkgyfi`t gc pigpki watb masjhakatais.
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µUjsba`etg` Egv. Djy A`skii, rioge`aza`e tbjt stjti egvir`fi`t as g`i gc tbi kjreist ifpkgyirs a` tbi stjti, assuim Ixioutavi Grmir :?->8, sitta`e tbi egjk tbjt hy Du`i ?>, 8>:5, 9 piroi`t gc tbi stjti‑s wgrlcgroi wakk hi pigpki watb masjhakatais. Y`mir tbi grmir, ijob ojha`it-kivik jei`oy fust mivikgp j` j``ujk ifpkgy-fi`t pkj` tg jmmriss tbi u`mirriprisi`tjtag` gc pigpki watb masjhakatais a` tbiar jei`oy j`m ripgrt prgeriss. Og``iotaout, Akka`gas, Agwj, Fjssjobusitts, Fa``isgtj, Grieg` j`m Sirfg`t jksg bjvi jmgptim stjti bara`e egjks cgr pigpki watb masjhakatais.
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_tjtis oj` jmgpt bara`e systifs, a`okuma`e cjst-trjol bara`e systifs, tg a`orijsi jooissahakaty gc jppkaojtag` prgoissis cgr pigpki watb masjhakatais.
Cgr ixjfpki, stjtis oj` fjli fgma-ojtag`s tg oavak sirvaoi ixjfs tg joogffgmjti masjhakatais, a`statutag`jkazi bara`e priciri`ois, j`m gccir pjam a`tir`sbaps gr trajk wgrl gppgrtu`atais tg tbgsi watb masjhakatais.
µOjkacgr`aj, Akka`gas, @iw Qgrl, Glkjbgfj j`m Ytjb bjvi wjavim tbi oavak sirvaoi ixjf cgr a`mavamujks watb masjhakatais j`m bjvi suhstatutim tbif watb gtbir qujka-ojtag`s, suob js a`tir`sbaps gr oirtaojtag`s.
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µJrazg`j, Lj`sjs, Fjrykj`m j`m Fg`tj`j bjvi pjssim bara`e priciri`oi pgkaoais cgr pigpki watb masjhakatais. Cgr ixjfpki, a` Jrazg`j, u`mir Jraz. Xiv. _tjt. §?2-=18, a`mavamujks watb masjhakatais jri eavi` j vi-pga`t priciri`oi g` qujkacya`e ixjfa`jtag`s, prgvamim tbiy rioiavi j pjssa`e erjmi watbgut priciri`oi. Masjhkim vitirj`s jri eavi` j :>-pga`t priciri`oi. µFjrykj`m gccirs tbi ZYI_] prgerjf tbrgueb j
pjrt`irsbap hitwii` tbi Mipjrtfi`t gc Humeit j`m Fj`jeifi`t j`m tbi Mipjrtfi`t gc Xibjhakatjtag` _irvaois. ]brgueb ZYI_], pjrtaoapj`ts a`tir` watb stjti jei`oais cgr tbrii fg`tbs a` j` u`pjam ojpjo-aty, j`m fjy hi riafhursim cgr ixpi`sis ‛jhgvi tbiar usujk kava`e ixpi`sis hiojusi gc pjrtaoapjtag`.‖ Jkjslj, Mikjwjri, Akka`gas, Fja`i j`m Ytjb jksg bjvi trajk wgrl piragms, pjam a`tir`sbaps gr orimat-cgr-wgrl prgerjfs cgr a`mavamujks watb masjhakatais. •
_tjtis oj` jmgpt pgkaoais j`m prgoimuris tg cjoakatjti jmvj`oifi`t j`m riti`tag`.
A` tbi sparat gc og`ta`ugus afprgvifi`t, tbi stjti js j fgmik ifpkgyir oj` i`bj`oi iccgrts tg mivikgp prgcissag`jks watb masjhakatais tbrgueb ojriir pjtbwjys pkj``a`e tbjt faebt a`okumi fi`tgrsbaps, jmmatag`jk `jturjk suppgrts j`m ifpkgyii sjtascjotag` jssissfi`t tggks. ]bas ogukm jksg a`okumi oi`trjkaza`e ‛rijsg`jhki joogffgmjtag`‖ cu`ms j`m ixpirtasi g` masjhakaty ifpkgyfi`t. µ]bi joogffgmjtag` cu`m a` Fa``isgtj bjs twg egjks”
‛tg prgvami iqujk cggta`e cgr jppkaoj`ts watb masjhakatais mura`e tbi bara`e prgoiss‖ j`m ‛tg prgvami cgr j fgri a`okusavi wgrlpkjoi i`varg`fi`t.‖ ]bi Mipjrtfi`t gc Jmfa`astrjtag` oj` riafhursi up tg $:,>>> cgr ourri`t ifpkgyii g`i-tafi ixpi`sis< tbiri as `g kafat tg ixpi`sis riafhursim cgr jppkaoj`ts j`m g`-ega`e ixpi`sis a`ourrim cgr ourri`t ifpkgyiis. A` 8>:3, tbi Kieaskjturi jutbgrazim $8>>,>>> cgr tbi cu`m.•
_tjtis oj` afpkifi`t stjy-jt-wgrl, ritur`-tg-wgrl prgerjfs, pgkaoais j`m prjotaois cgr stjti ifpkgyfi`t.
Masjhakatais fjy mivikgp j`m vjry a` icciots tbrguebgut j stjti ifpkgyii‑s ti`uri. Js j fgmik ifpkgyir, tbi stjti sbgukm rioge`azi tbjt masjhakatais fjy obj`ei a` tbiar afpjot gvir tafi, gr mivikgp summi`ky js j risukt gc akk`iss gr a`dury. _tjtis oj` a`tirvi`i ijrky tbrgueb stjy-jt-wgrl j`m ritur`-tg-wgrl prgerjfs watb tbiar gw` ifpkgyiis tbrgueb tbi jmfa`astrjtag` gc bijktb a`surj`oi, masjhakaty a`surj`oi j`m gtbir hi`its suob js ifpkgyii jssastj`oi prgerjfs, gr IJ^s. µMikjwjri bjs i`jotim kieaskjtag` istjhkasba`e j ritur`-
tg-wgrl prgerjf cgr ats stjti ifpkgyiis j`m jppga`tim