R EPLACER S
THE CUTTING EDGE
OF CUTTING CALORIES
by Kristine Napier, M.P.H ., R.D.
Project Coordinator
Ruth Kava, Ph.D., R.D.
Director of Nutrition, ACSH
Prepared for the American Council on Science and H ealth
October, 1997
AMERICAN COUNCIL ON SCIENCE AND HEALTH
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October 1997-06500
Entire contents © American Council on Science and H ealth, Inc.
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George A. Bray, M.D .
Pennington Biomedical Research
Center
Walter L. Clark, Ph.D .
Chapman University
Adam Drewnowski, Ph.D.
University of M ichigan
O wen R. Fennema, Ph.D.
University of W isconsin
Ruth Kava, Ph.D., R.D.
ACSH
Philip G. Keeney, Ph.D .
Pennsylvania State University
David Kritchevsky, Ph.D.
T he W istar Institute
Stanley T. O maye, Ph.D., F.ATS
University of N evada, Reno
John J. Powers, Ph.D .
University of Georgia
Jack Raso, M.S., R.D .
ACSH
Paul D. Saltman, Ph.D.
University of California, San Diego
Fredrick J. Stare, M.D., Ph.D.
Harvard University
Elizabeth M. Whelan, Sc.D., M.P.H .
ACSH
THE AMERICAN COUNCIL ON SCIENCE AND
H EA LTH A PPRECIATES TH E CO N TRIBU TIO N S O F
TH E REV IEW ERS N A M ED BELO W .
Table of Contents
Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Fat as a Nutrient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Fat as a Flavor Enhancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Can Fat Replacers D ecrease Intake of Fat and Calories?. . . . . . . .7
The Potential Impact of Fat Replacers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Types of Fat Replacers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Carbohydrate-Based Fat Replacers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Protein-Based Fat Replacers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Fat-Based Fat Replacers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26