ENTC 3320

Op Amp Review

Operational amplifiers (op-amps)

Circuit symbol of an op-amp

Widely used Often requires 2 power supplies + V Responds to difference between two signals

Ideal op-amp
Characteristics of an ideal op-amp Rin = infinity Rout = 0 Avo = infinity (Avo is the open-loop gain, sometimes A or Av of the op-amp) Bandwidth = infinity (amplifies all frequencies equally)

Model of an ideal op-amp

V+

I+ + I + Vout = A(V+ -V)

Usually used with feedback Open-loop configuration not used much

Summary of op-amp behavior

Vout = A(V+ - V) Vout/A = V+ - V Let A then, V+ - V 0 infinity

Summary of op-amp behavior

V+ = V I+ = I = 0

Seems strange, but the input terminals to an op-amp act as a short and open at the same time

To analyze an op-amp circuit

Write node equations at + and - terminals (I+ = I = 0) Set V+ = V Solve for Vout

Inverting configuration

Very popular circuit

Analysis of inverting configuration

I2

I1 = (Vi - V)/R1 I2 = (V - Vo)/R2

I1

set I1 = I2, (Vi - V )/R1 = (V - Vo)/R2 but V = V+ = 0 Vi /R1 = -Vo/R2

Gain of circuit determined by external components

Solve for Vo Vo/ Vi = -R2/R1

Summing Amplifier
Current in R1, R2, and R3 add to current in Rf (V1-V)/ R1 + (V2-V)/ R2 + (V3-V)/R3 = (V - Vo)/ Rf Set V = V+ = 0, V1/ R1 + V2/ R2 + V3/ R3 = o / Rf V Vo = - Rf(V1 / R1 + V2 / R2 + V3 / R3) solve for Vo, This circuit is called a weighted summer
V1 V2 V3 R1 R2 R3

Rf

To analyze an op-amp circuit

Write node equations at + and - terminals (I+ = I = 0) Set V+ = V Solve for Vout

Integrator
I2

I1 = (Vi - V)/R1

d (V Vo ) C dt I2 =
set I1 = I2, (Vi - V)/R1 =

I1

d (V Vo ) dt

dV but V- = V+ = 0 o C

Output is the integral of input signal. CR1 is the time constant

Vi/R1 =

dt

1 Solve for Vo vi dt vo = R1C

Noninverting configuration
(0 - V)/R1 = (V - Vo)/R2 But, Vi = V+ = V , (- Vi)/ R1 = (Vi - Vo)/R2 Solve for Vo, (- Vi)/R1 - (-Vi)/R2 = (-Vo)/R2 Vi (1/R1+ 1/R2) = (Vo)/R2 Vo = Vi (R2/R1+ R2/R Vo = Vi(1+R2/R1)
Vi I I

Buffer amplifier
Isolates input from output

Vi = V+ = V = Vo Vo = Vi

Analyzing op-amp circuits

Write

node equations using:

Write node equations using:

op amp model.

V+ = V I + = I = 0

OR

Let A infinity Solve for Vout

Solve

for Vout Works for every op-amp circuit.

Usually easier, can solve most problems this way.

Difference amplifier

Use superposition,

set V
Vo

= 0, solve for

amp) set V2 = 0, solve for Vo (inverting amp)

(noninverting

Difference amplifier

V2 R4/(R3+R4)

V02 = (1 + R2/R1) [R4/(R3+R4)] V2

Difference amplifier

V01 = -(R2/R1)V1

 Add
0

the two results

01

V =V

+ V02

R2 R2 R4 V1 Vo = V2 1 + R R1 R3 + R4 1
If

R1 = R2 = R3 = R 1 4 Vo = V2 ( 1 + 1) V1 ( 1) = V2 V1 2

Design of difference amplifiers

For Vo = V2 - V1 Set R2 = R1 = R, and set R3 = R4 = R For Vo = 3V2 - 2V1 Set R1 = R, R2 = 2R, then 3[R4/(R3+R4)] = 3 Set R3 = 0