Frederic H.

Martini

Fundamentals of

Anatomy & Physiology

SIXTH EDITION

Chapter 23, part 3

The Respiratory System

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by

Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii

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SECTION 23-7 Pulmonary Ventilation

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Pulmonary Ventilation

The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs

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Air movement
Movement of air depends upon Boyles Law Pressure and volume inverse relationship Volume depends on movement of diaphragm and ribs Pressure and airflow to the lungs Compliance an indication of the expandability of the lungs

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Figure 23.14 Respiratory Pressure and Volume Relationships

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Figure 23.14a, b

Pressure changes during inhalation and exhalation

Relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure determines direction of air flow
Intrapleural pressure maintains pull on lungs Pressure in the space between parietal and visceral pleura

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Figure 23.15 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation

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Figure 23.15

Figure 23.15 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation

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Figure 23.15a-d

Respiratory cycle

Single cycle of inhalation and exhalation

Amount of air moved in one cycle = tidal volume

PLAY

Animation: Pulmonary Ventilation

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Figure 23.16 Pressure Changes during Inhalation and Exhalation

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Figure 23.16

Mechanisms of breathing

Quiet breathing (eupnea) Diaphragm and external and internal intercostals muscles Forced breathing (hyperpnea)

Accessory muscles

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Figure 23.17 The Respiratory Muscles

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Figure 23.17a-d

Respiratory volumes
Alveolar volume Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute Tidal Volume (VT) Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath

Vital capacity
Tidal volume plus expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes

Residual volume
Air left in lungs after maximum exhalation
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Figure 23.18 Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

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Figure 23.18

SECTION 23-8 Gas Exchange

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The gas laws

Daltons Law and partial pressure

Individual gases in a mixture exert pressure proportional to their abundance

Diffusion between liquid and gases (Henrys law)

The amount of gas in solution is directly proportional to their partial pressure

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Figure 23.19 Henrys Law and the Relationship between Solubility and Pressure

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Figure 23.19

Figure 23.19 Henrys Law and the Relationship between Solubility and Pressure

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Figure 23.19a-c

Diffusion and respiratory function

Gas exchange across respiratory membrane is efficient due to: Differences in partial pressure

Small diffusion distance

Lipid-soluble gases

Large surface area of all alveoli

Coordination of blood flow and airflow

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