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Nanotechnology Science, Medical Applications, and IUPUI Resources

Kody Varahramyan
Vice Chancellor for Research

April 15, 2009

What is Nanotechnology
www.purdue.edu www.phys.psu.edu www.nasa.gov

An engineered DNA strand

pRNA tiny motor

Semiconducting metal junction formed by two carbon nanotubes

Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices and systems, through the understanding and control of matter at dimensions in the nanometer scale length (1-100 nm), where new functionalities and properties of matter are observed and harnessed for a broad range of applications

History of Nanotechnology
~ 2000 Years Ago Sulfide nanocrystals used by Greeks and Romans to dye hair ~ 1000 Years Ago (Middle Ages) Gold nanoparticles of different sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass windows 1959 There is plenty of room at the bottom by R. Feynman 1974 Nanotechnology - Taniguchi uses the term nanotechnology for the first time 1981 IBM develops Scanning Tunneling Microscope 1985 Buckyball - Scientists at Rice University and University of Sussex discover C60 1986 Engines of Creation - First book on nanotechnology by K. Eric Drexler. Atomic Force Microscope invented by Binnig, Quate and Gerbe 1989 IBM logo made with individual atoms 1991 Carbon nanotube discovered by S. Iijima 1999 Nanomedicine 1st nanomedicine book by R. Freitas 2000 National Nanotechnology Initiative launched

What is Nanoscale
ww.mathworks.com

12,756 Km

22 cm

0.7 nm

1.27 107 m

0.22 m

0.7 10-9 m

10 millions times smaller

1 billion times smaller

www.physics.ucr.edu

Fullerenes C60

Nanoscale Size Effect


Realization of miniaturized devices and systems while providing more functionality Attainment of high surface area to volume ratio Manifestation of novel phenomena and properties, including changes in: - Physical Properties (e.g. melting point) - Chemical Properties (e.g. reactivity) - Electrical Properties (e.g. conductivity) - Mechanical Properties (e.g. strength) - Optical Properties (e.g. light emission)

Nanotechnology Applications
Information Technology
Smaller, faster, more energy efficient and powerful computing and other IT-based systems

Energy
More efficient and cost effective technologies for energy production
Solar cells Fuel cells Batteries Bio fuels

Medicine
Cancer treatment Bone treatment Drug delivery Appetite control Drug development Medical tools Diagnostic tests Imaging

Consumer Goods
Foods and beverages
Advanced packaging materials, sensors, and lab-on-chips for food quality testing

Appliances and textiles


Stain proof, water proof and wrinkle free textiles

Household and cosmetics


Self-cleaning and scratch free products, paints, and better cosmetics

Nanotechnology Health and Environmental Concerns


Human and the environment come under exposure to nanomaterials at different stages of the product cycle Nanomaterials have large surface to volume ratio and novel physical as well as chemical properties which may cause them to pose hazards to humans and the environment Health and the environmental impacts associated with the exposure to many of the engineered nanomaterials are still uncertain The environmental fate and associated risk of waste nanomaterials should be assessed e.g. toxic transformation, and interactions with organic and inorganic materials
Exposure of human and the environment to nanomaterials at different stages of product life cycle US environmental protection agency, 2007 (epc.gov)

Nanoscale Materials
Nanoscale materials have feature size less than 100 nm utilized in nanoscale structures, devices and systems Nanoparticles and Structures

Gold nanoparticles
TU Dresden/ESRF, 2008

Silver nanoparticles
Northwestern Univ., 2002

A stadium shaped quantum corral made by positioning iron atoms on a copper surface IBM Corp., 1993.

A 3-dimensional nanostructure grown by controlled nucleation of Silicon-carbide nanowires on Gallium catalyst particles
Univ. of Cambridge, 2007

Nanoscale Materials
Nanowires and Nanotubes Lateral dimension: 1 100 nm Nanowires and nanotubes exhibit novel physical, electronic and optical properties due to
Two dimensional quantum confinement Structural one dimensionality High surface to volume ratio

Potential application in wide range of nanodevices and systems


Nanoscale sensors and actuators Photovoltaic devices solar cells Transistors, diodes and LASERs
Nanowire Solar Cell: The nanowires create a surface that is able to absorb more sunlight than a flat surface McMaster Univ., 2008

Nanoscale Materials
Protein

Bionanomaterials 1) Biological materials utilized in nanotechnology - Proteins, enzymes, DNA, RNA, peptides 1) Synthetic nanomaterials utilized in biomedical applications
- Polymers, porous silicon, carbon nanotubes

Cross-linked enzymes used as catalyst Univ. of Connecticut,


Storrs , 2007

Porous silicon (PSi)

Human cell on PSi

Enzymes are used as oxidation catalysts

Bone cell on porous silicon


Univ. of Rochester, 2007

Nanoscale Processes and Fabrication


Top-down Approaches
Optical and x-ray lithography E-beam and ion-beam lithography Scanning probe lithography Atomic force microscopic lithography Material removal and deposition (Chemical, mechanical, or ultrasonic) Printing and imprinting

Bottom-up Approaches
Layer-by-layer self assembly Molecular self assembly Direct assembly Coating and growth Colloidal aggregation

Nanoscale Devices and Integrated Nanosystems


Nanochip
Currently available microprocessors use resolutions as small as 32 nm Houses up to a billion transistors in a single chip MEMS based nanochips have future capability of 2 nm cell leading to 1TB memory per chip

A MEMS based nanochip


Nanochip Inc., 2006

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors


NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

A NEMS bacteria sensor


Nano Lett., 2006, DOI: 10.1021/nl060275y

Nanoscale Devices and Integrated Nanosystems


Nanophotonic Systems
Nanophotonic systems work with light signals vs. electrical signals in electronic systems Enable parallel processing that means higher computing capability in a smaller chip Enable realization of optical systems on semiconductor chip

A silicon processor featuring on-chip nanophotonic network IBM Corp., 2008

Fuel Cells
Fuel cells use hydrogen and air as fuels and produce water as by product The technology uses a nanomaterial membrane to produce electricity
500 W fuel cell
H2economy.com

Schematic of a fuel cell


Energy solution center Inc.

Nanoscale Devices and Integrated Nanosystems


Lab on Chip
A lab on chip integrates one or more laboratory operation on a single chip Provides fast result and easy operation Applications: Biochemical analysis (DNA/protein/cell analysis) and bio-defense

Drug Delivery Systems


Impact of nanotechnology on drug delivery systems: Targeted drug delivery Improved delivery of poorly water soluble drugs Co-delivery of two or more drugs Imaging of drug delivery sites using imaging modalities

Lab on chip gene analysis device IBN Singapore, 2008

Targeted drug delivery


ACS Nano 2009, DOI: 10.1021/nn900002m

Medical Nanotechnology or Nanomedicine


Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology in medicine, including to cure diseases and repair damaged tissues such as bone, muscle, and nerve Key Goals for Nanomedicine
To develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (e.g. cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology To provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by means of targeted drug delivery systems

Nanotechnology in Health Care

Video Journey into Nanotechnology


National Cancer Institute, Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer http://nano.cancer.gov/resource_center/video_journey.asp

Nanotechnology in Health Care


Thermal ablation of cancer cells
Nanoshells have metallic outer layer and silica core Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation retention or due to some molecules coated on the shells The nanoshells are heated with an external energy source killing the cancer cells

Thermal ablation of cancer cells assisted by nanoshells coated with metallic layer and an external energy source National Cancer
Institute

Nanotechnology in Health Care


Treatment Targeted drug delivery
Nanoparticles containing drugs are coated with targeting agents (e.g. conjugated antibodies) The nanoparticles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Targeted drug delivery Targeted drug delivery using a multicomponent nanoparticle containing therapeutic as well as biological surface modifying agents Mauro Ferrari, Univ. of Cal. Berkley

Nanotechnology in Health Care


Nanotechnology offers tools and techniques for more effective detection, diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Detection and Diagnosis
Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently Nanowire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers

The microfluidic channel with nanowire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer J. Heath, Cali. Insti. of
Technology

The nanoscale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell
A. Majumdar, Univ. of Cal. at Berkeley

Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute INDI


Driving Forces at IUPUI
Growing expertise and resources in nanoscience and engineering Desire by researchers to develop nanotechnology-based systems for biomedical, energy, and other targeted applications

Participation Open To All Interested Faculty, Centers, Departments & Schools Current Participating Faculty from:
Biology, Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Physics Biomedical Engineering, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Orthopedic Surgery, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine Lugar Center for Renewable Energy Transportation Active Safety Institute Center for Sensor and Ubiquitous Networking Nanoscale Imaging Center

Current Partnering Centers:


Integrated Nanosystems
Definition: Systems which may consist of integrated micro-, meso-, and/or macro-scale parts, and have their core components realized by nano-scale materials, processes, and devices.

Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute INDI Vision:


To be a world-class resource for the realization of nanotechnology-based miniaturized systems that contribute to the economic growth and social advancement of Indiana and the nation and benefit humanity as a whole.

Mission:
1) to enable, through innovative interdisciplinary research and educational programs, the development of nanotechnology-based systems for biomedical, energy, environmental, information technology and other applications, and 2) to provide solutions which, through translation of research into practice and technology transfer, contribute to social well being and economic growth.

Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute INDI Current Research Projects:


Magnetic Nanostructured Materials and Devices for Sensing Applications Spectroscopic Investigation of Quantum Systems Transport in Graphene for Nanodevice Applications Quantum Dot Imaging Probes Bionanomaterials for Biomedical Applications Polymer Nanocomposites for Orthopedic and Dental Applications Development of Nano-rod Array for Li-ion Battery Pt Nanoparticles Catalyst for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Interaction of Pt Nanoparticle and Carbon/Metal Oxide Support Macro Scale to Micr/Nano Scale Machining Thermoelectric Materials for Nanodevice Applications Wireless Sensor Network Systems Chip-Based Signal Conditioning System for ECG Application VLSI circuits for 3D Imaging Applications

Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute INDI Current Processing and Measurement Resources:
Micro/Nanoelectronics Laboratory Sputtering systems Thermal evaporator systems Solution-based nanocrystal fabrication Membrane ion transport workstation Combined atomic force and fluorescence microscope Fluorescence correlation spectrometer Wide-field single molecule fluorescence microscopy Room temperature near-field scanning optical microscope Low temperature near-field scanning optical microscope FTIR spectrometer Spectrofluorometer Ultra high vacuum scanning tunneling microscope Small angle X-ray scattering system Particle sizing instrument Atomic force microscope Combined atomic force-scanning tunneling microscope Transmission electron microscope Scanning electron microscope Low vacuum scanning electron microscope with electron dispersion spectrometer Electron probe microanalyzer with wavelength dispersion capabilities Two photon absorption microscope Confocal microscopes

Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute INDI Current Computational Resources:


Access to IUs Supercomputer systems Clusters of workstations Nanostructure Builder and Visualization Materials Studio NanoEngineer Density Functional Theory codes FLEUR VASP Dmol3 ABINIT Molecular Dynamics simulators Materials Studio DLPOLY MPSIM LAMMPS CHARMM Electrical Circuit design Menter Graphics Synopsis L-Edit, Layout Editor CAD LabView, PSPICE Code development Matlab, Mathematica, Maple In-House codes

Nanotechnology Science, Medical Applications, and IUPUI Resources

Thank You!

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