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Tyre Pressure
0.7 Mpa for wheel load 51 KN 0.5 Mpa for wheel load 30 KN
10
15
20
50
21
28
35
42
48
62
69
140
k value may be taken 20% more than the k value of sub grade when proper sub base is provided
Sub-base: The provision of sub base below the concrete has the following advantages. It provides a uniform and reasonable firm support. It prevents mud pumping on sub grade of clays and silts. It acts as levelling course on distorted non uniform and undulating sub grade. It acts as a capillary cut off.
Sub base materials: The following materials may be used as sub base materials. W B M. Granular Sub base or gravel with CBR more than 20%. Soil cement or soil lime with CBR more than 20%. Minimum sub base thickness 150mm for wheel load of 51 KN 75mm for wheel load of 30 KN Note: i) Sub base surface shall be finished smooth. ii) A polythene sheet of 125 microns thickness shall be provided over the sub base to act as a separation layer between the sub base and concrete slab.
Concrete Strength:
The design is based on flexural strength of the concrete ft = 0.7 fc (2) where ft = Flexural Strength, N/mm2 fc = Characteristic compressive cube strength, N/mm2 Note: i) If the flexural strength observed from laboratory tests is higher than that given by the above formula, the same may be used. ii) The 90 day strength be used for design instead of the 28 day strength (the 90 day flexural strength may be taken as 1.2 times the 28 day flexural strength or as determined from laboratory tests). iii) Heavy traffic should not be allowed for 90 days. iv) For pavement construction, the characteristic 28 day compressive strength should be atleast 30 Mpa and the characteristic 28 day flexural strength shall be atleast 3.8 Mpa.
Calculation of Stresses: The stresses at edges or at corners can be computed using formulae or charts as follows: Edge Stresses: (a) Due to Load: The load stress in the critical edge region may be obtained as per Westergaard analysis as modified by Teller and Sutherland from the following correlation (metric units). le = 0.529 P (1+0.54) (4log10 + log10 b 0.4048) (3) 2 h b where le = Load stress in the edge region, MPa P = Design Wheel load, N h = Pavement slab thickness, mm = Poissons ratio for concrete E = Modulus of elasticity for concrete, MPa k = Modulus of sub grade reaction of the pavement foundation, N/mm3x10-3 = radius of relative stiffness, mm = 4 Eh3 (4) 2)k 12(1- b = radius of equivalent distribution of pressure = a for a 1.724 h = (1.6a2 + h2) 0.675h for a < 1.724 (5) h and a = radius of load contact assumed circular, mm. = ( P p ) where p is tyre pressure
(b) Due to Temperature: The temperature stress at the critical edge region may be obtained as per Westergaards analysis, using Bradburys coefficient from the following correlation:
te = Et C (6)
where, te t
C
L W
2 = temperature stress in the edge region, MPa = maximum temperature differential during day between top and bottom of the slab, oC = coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete, /oC = Bradburys coefficient, which can be ascertained directly from Bradburys chart against values of L/ and W/ = slab length or spacing between consecutive contraction joints, m = slab width ,m = radius of relative stiffness, m
Corner Stresses: As per Westergaards analysis as modified by Kelley c = 3P ( 1 ( a2 )1.2 ) (7) h2 c = load stress in the corner region
Design Charts
CHART FOR DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT C
L/l or W/l 1 2 3 4 5 6
L/l or W/l
7 8 9 10 11 12 & above
IV V VI
15 14.6 15.5
16.4 15.8 17
17.6 16.2 19
ZoneI
Zone-II, IV, V, VI
o
ZoneIII
o
Zone -I
Zone-II, IV, V, VI
0 o
ZoneIII
o
Temperature differential, C
0 15.0
15.1 to o 17.0
160 150
17.1 to o 20.0
170 160
<15. o 0
190 180
15.1 to o 17.0
190 180
17.1 to o 20.0
200 190
30 35
150 150
40
150
150
150
170
180
180
Design Procedure
1. Select design wheel load, concrete flexural strength, modulus of sub grade reaction, modulus of elasticity of concrete, Poissons ratio, coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete. 2. Decide Joint Spacing and lane width. 3. Select tentative design thickness of slab, based on defined design load, k value/CBR and flexural strength of concrete. 4. Ascertain maximum temperature stress for the critical edge region from Equation (6). 5. Calculate the residual available strength of concrete for supporting traffic loads. 6. Ascertain edge load stress from Equation (3) or Fig. 2 or Fig.4 as relevant and calculate the factor of safety. 7. In case the available factor of safety is less than or far in excess of 1, adjust the tentative slab thickness and repeat steps 3 to 6 till the factor of safety is 1 or slightly more. 8. Check the adequacy of thickness in the corner region by ascertaining corner load stress from Equation (7) or fig. 3 or Fig. 5 as relevant and readjust the thickness if inadequate.
Example: A cement concrete pavement is to be designed for a rural road in A.P. having a traffic volume of 150 vehicles per day consisting vehicles like agricultural tractors/trailers, light good vehicles, heavy trucks, buses, animal drawn vehicles, motorized two wheels and cycles. Design the pavement. The soil has a soaked CBR value of 4. Design: Wheel load = 51 KN k value corresponding to CBR value of 4 is 35x10-3 N/mm2/mm (from table). Sub base Provide 150mm granular sub base Effective k value = 1.2x35x10-3 = 42x10-3 N/mm2/mm (since required sub base is provided)
Concrete Strength: Adopt M30 i.e., 28 day compressive strength of 30 MPa. Flexural strength = 0.7 fc = 0.7 30 Therefore, 28 day Flexural Strength=3.834 MPa Thickness Try a thickness of 150mm Edge load stress From Fig. 4, for k= 42x10-3 N/mm3 and thickness 150mmm Edge load stress = 4.5 MPa
Temperature Stress: From the table, the temperature differential for AP for a slab thickness of 150mm is 17.3 0C. Assuming a contraction joint spacing of 3.75m and 3.75m width, the radius of relative stiffness is as under. L = 3750mm B = 3750mm = radius of relative stiffness 4 = Eh3 12(1-2)k E = 3x104 N/mm2 h = 150mm = 0.15 k = 42x10-3 N/mm3 4 3x104x1503x103 = 12 (1- 0.152)x42 = 673.3 mm L/ = 3750/673.3 = 5.57 W/ = 3750/673.3 = 5.57 Both values are same. For L/ = 5.57 from table, Bradburys coefficient C = 0.834 Using chart at Fig. 1, for C = 0.834 & temp. differential 17.30C, the temp. stress te = 2.1 MPa Total Stress = Edge load stress +Temperature stress = 4.5 + 2.1 = 6.6 MPa This is greater than the allowable flexural strength of 4.6MPa. So thickness of 150mm assumed is inadequate. Try a thickness of 190mm.
Edge load stress From Fig.4, k= 42x10-3 N/mm3 and thickness = 200mm, the edge load stress=2.9 MPa. Temperature stress: From Table, the temperature differential for AP for a slab thickness of 190mm is 18.70C. Radius of relative stiffness = 4 Eh3 12(1-2)k
= 4 3x104x1903x103 12 (1- 0.152)x42 = 804 mm L/ = 3750/804 = 4.66 W/ = 3750/8045 = 4.66 Both values are same. For L/ = 4.66 from tables Bradburys coefficient C = 0.625 Using chart at Fig.1, for C=0.625 and temperature difference 18.70C, temperature stress te = 1.6MPa The total stress is less than 4.6MPa, hence, the assumed thickness of 190mm is OK. Corner Stress: From Fig. 5, Corner load stress for wheel load of 51kN, K=42x10-3 N/mm2 and slab thickness of 190mm, Corner Stress c = 3.4 MPa The corner stress is less than 4.6 MPa, hence, the thickness of 190mm assumed is safe.