SIBARAM BEHERA 109BT0020 Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering

Definition of mitigation
Mitigation is The implementation of measures designed to reduce the undesirable effects of a proposed action on the environment.

Importance of mitigation
To avoid, reduce, remedy or compensate significant

adverse impacts on environment and society Enhancing beneficial effects and lower costs for environmental protection fostering better opportunities for business

Mitigation hierarchy

*Adapted from Rio tinto and biodiversity achieving results on the ground

Mitigation by avoidance

Mitigation by minimization

mitigation by rehabilitation

Residual impacts

Offset

Additional conservation actions

Mitigation by avoidance
Measures considering siting,

design, process, technology, route alternatives and no go options to avoid impacts. Represents cheapest and most effective form of impact mitigation. This approach offers the greatest benefit of avoiding impacts early in the planning cycle.

Mitigation by minimization
Measures attempting to

reduce impact or to limit the exposure of receptors to impacts. Applicable only in the progressive phase of the development project. aims at limiting the severity of impacts

Mitigation by rehabilitation
Measures undertaken to restore the environment to

its previous condition or to a new equilibrium. Applicable only towards the end phase of project implementation. This restorative approach helps improve adverse conditions created by the proposed development

Offsets/Mitigation by compensation
Biodiversity "offsets" are conservation actions

designed to compensate for the unavoidable impacts on biodiversity caused by mining and refining. Represents on-site or off site measures considered early in the planning process and also alongside the development to offset residual impacts This approach opens a window of opportunity for negotiations between developers and decisionmakers

2x

Additional conservation actions

Additional conservation actions include a broad

range of activities which are intended to benefit biodiversity, where the effects or outcomes can be difficult to quantify. Applied in parallel with other compensation measures to encourage opportunities to limit the scope and scale of impacts and on improving environmental features.

General Mitigation Measures for Coal Mining Projects

Resource-specific mitigation measures can be applied to avoid or minimize impacts from coal mining. potentially affected resource areas:-

Acoustics Air Quality Cultural Resources Ecological Resources Environmental Justice Hazardous Materials/Waste Management Health and Safety Land Use Paleontological Resources Socioeconomics Soils and Geological Resources Water Resources

Coal mine methane (CMM)

This is a term given to the methane gas produced or emitted in association with coal mining activities either from the coal seam itself or from other gassy formations underground. Three primary incentives for recovering CMM improve the safety of mines improve mine economics to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
*International Journal of Coal Geology 86 (2011) 121156
Karacan et al.

*Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 31 (2005) 123170, Su et al.

References
Rio Tinto and biodiversity, achieving results on ground
Mitigation and compensation in environmental assessment by Asha

Rajvanshi Principles of Environmental and mitigation and monitoring-USAID http://teeic.anl.gov/er/coal/mitigation/index.cfm An assessment of mine methane mitigation and utilization technologies, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 31 (2005) 123 170,Su et al. Coal mine methane: A review of capture and utilization practices with benefits to mining safety and to greenhouse gas reduction, International Journal of Coal Geology 86 (2011) 121156,Karacan et al.