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OMA000001 GSM Fundamentals


ISSUE 4.0
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Grasp basic idea of GSM system such as frequency spectrum, frequency reuse etc. Grasp the structure of the GSM system and the protocol used. Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and understand the idea of multi-frame. Know some radio techniques Get the idea of EDGE

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References
BSS Feature Description
BSS Signaling Analysis Manual BSC Technical Manual

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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface Chapter 5 Radio Techniques Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction

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GSM system overview


The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system,

each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a time slot number
Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power

radios spread out over the geographical service area. Each group of radios serve MSs presently located near them. The area served by each group of radios is called a CELL
Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different

frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)


Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots ,

several slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
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GSM Development

1989 1991 1992 1994 1996

Standard Protocol for GSM take effect GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G) System was named as Global System for Mobile Communication

Provide services for the whole world

Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system

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Cell Technique
Macro Cell and Micro Cell
A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that

connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.


Macro Cell

In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The BTS covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So , it can only provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell

Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area with high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse technique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also the whole capacity of the network.

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Multiple Access Technique


Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the

same communication medium.


There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :

FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.


GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).

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FDMA
FDMA uses different frequency

Frequency

channels to accomplish communication.


The whole frequency spectrum

available is divided into many individual channels (for transmitting and receiving)every channel can support the traffic for one subscriber or some control information.

Time

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TDMA
TDMA accomplishes the

Frequency

communication in different timeslot.


A carrier is divided into

Time

channels based on time. Different signals occupy different timeslots in certain sequence , that is , many signals are transmitted on the same frequency in different time.

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CDMA
CDMA accomplishes the

Frequency

communication in different code sequences.


Special coding is adopted

Time

before transmission, then different information will lose nothing after being mixed and transmitted together on the same frequency and at the same time.

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The Frequency Spectrum


GSM 900

Uplink

Downlink

890

915

935

960MHz

Duplex Separation:

45MHz

Channel Bandwidth:
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200KHz
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The Frequency Spectrum


DCS 1800

Base Station Receive

Base Station Transmit

1710

1785 1805

1880MHz

Duplex Separation: Channel Bandwidth:


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95MHz 200KHz
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The Frequency Spectrum


Frequency Spectrum Range (MHz) Uplink Frequency Frequency Point Available Downlink Frequency

GSM 450
GSM 480 GSM 850 E-GSM 900 R-GSM 900

450.4~457.6 460.4~467.6
478.8~486 488.8~496 824~849 869~894 880~915 925~960 876~915 921~960

Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n-259)
Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306) Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n-128) Fu(n)=890+0.2n Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) Fu(n)=890+0.2n Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n-512)

259<=n<=293
306<=n<=340 128<=n<=251 0<=n<=124 975<=n<=1023 0<=n<=124 955<=n<=1023 512<=n<=810

Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45

PCS 1900

1850~1910 1930~1990

Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80

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Frequency Reuse

The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited. The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in different places. The quality of communication must be ensured.

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Frequency Reuse

7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse


7

3 2 1

6 5

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Frequency Reuse

5 9

7
11

6
2 10 4

8 12

4 site X 3 cells reuse

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Cell Types

Omni-directional Cell

Omni

1
120 Degree Cell
120 degree

3
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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface Chapter 5 Radio Techniques Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction

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GSM-GPRS Network Component


MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN ISDN

GSM /GPRS BSS


MS BTS PCU BSC BSC HLR/AUC

SS7 SMS system

MS
BTS
GPRS Backbone

SGSN GGSN OMC CG BG

Internet, Intranet

Other PLMN

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Interface Between Different Entities


MSC/VLR GSM /GPRS BSS MS BTS Abis BSC A HLR/AUC C/D/Gs GMSC PSTN ISDN

PCU
BSC MS Um BTS Gb

SS7 SMS system Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc Internet, Intranet

GPRS backbone

SGSN Ga OMC CG BG Gp GGSN

Gi

Other PLMN

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Mobile StationMS
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) Mobile Equipment

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Subscriber Identity Module

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Subscriber Identity Module SIM

International Mobile Subscriber Identity

(IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

SIM

Location Area Identity (LAI)


Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)

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Base Station Subsystem BSS


MSC
The Base Station Controller

BSC
The Base Transceiver Station

BSS
TC/SM
BSC BTS

BTS
The Trans-coder TC and

Sub multiplexer (SM)

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Packet Control Unit-----PCU


MSC
Packet data

switching
Bridge between

SGSN and BSC


Provide Pb and

BSS
TC/SM
GPRS Backbone

Gb interface

BSC
BTS
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PCU

SGSN

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The Network Switching System

NSS
OMC

AUC HLR EIR

EC MSC/VLR

PSTN

Mobile-service Switching Center Home Location Register Visitor Location Register Equipment Identity Register Authentication Center Echo Cancellor
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MSC HLR VLR EIR AUC EC

BSS
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Mobile-service Switching Center MSC

Call Processing Operations and Maintenance Support

Interface management
Inter-network & Inter-working Billing

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Home Location Register HLR

Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN) Current subscriber VLR (current location) Supplementary service information

Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)


Authentication key and AuC functionality

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Visitor Location Register VLR

Mobile Status (IMSI attached / detached / busy / idle etc.) Location Area Identity(LAI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)

Allocating the Roaming Number

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Equipment Identity Register EIR

White List Black List Grey List

IMEI is Checked In White List

If NOT found EIR focus on the equipment , not the subscriber!!

IMEI is Checked in Black/Grey List

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OMC Functional Architecture


Event/Alarm Management Security Management

MMI

OS
Fault Management

DB
Configuration Management

Performance Management

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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface Chapter 5 Radio Techniques Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction

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Service Area

Service Area
PLMN service area PLMN service area
MSC service area...
Location area...

PLMN service area


MSC service area...
Location area...

......

cell

cell

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LAI
MCC
MNC
Location Area Identification

LAC

The LAI is the international code for a location area.

MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC: Mobile Network CodeIt consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00" LAC: Location Area CodeIt is a two bytes hex code. The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid. For example: 460-00-0011
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CGI
CGI: Cell Global Identification

The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell The format is LAI+CI LAI: Location Area Identification CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to identify the cells within an LAI. For example : 460-00-0011-0001

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BSIC
BSICBase Station Identification Color Code)

NCC
BSIC

BCC

NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows various neighboring PLMNs to be distinguished. BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to distinguish different cells assigned the same frequency!
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MSISDN
CC

NDC

SN

National (significant) Mobile number


Mobile station international ISDN number

CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86". NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135. SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD Example: 86-139-0666-1234

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IMSI
Not more than 15 digits

3 digits

2 digits

MCC

MNC
NMSI IMSI

MSIN

MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC: Mobile Network CodeIt consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00" MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF For example: 666-9777001 NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber IdentificationMNC and MSIN form it together. For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
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TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber

authentication.
The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and notifies

them to the HLR.


TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber

on the air interface is kept secret.


The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by

the operator.

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IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification

TAC

FAC

SNR

SP

IMEI
TAC: Type approval code, 6 bit, determined by the type approval center FAC: Final assembly code, 2 bit, It is determined by the manufacturer. SNR: Serial number, 6 bits, It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS. SP: 1 bit , Not used.

Check the IMEI in your MS : *#06#

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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface Chapter 5 Radio Techniques Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction

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Physical Channel and Logical Channel


The physical channel is the medium over which the information is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms The logical channel consists of the information carried over the physical channels

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 0

1 2

Timeslot

The information carried in one time slot is called a burst

TDMA FRAME
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TDMA FRAME
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Two types of Logical Channel


Traffic Channel (TCH) : Transmits traffic information, include data and speech.

Control Channel (CCH) : Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds of control information.

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Traffic Channel (TCH)


TCH Traffic Channels

Speech

Data

TCH/FS

TCH/HS

TCH/9.6

TCH/2.4

TCH Traffic Channel TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
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TCH/4.8
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Control Channel (CCH)


CCH (Control Channels) DCCH SDCCH ACCH BCCH SACCH CCCH SCH RACH CBCH FCCH

BCH

Synch. CH.

FACCH

Broadcast Control Channel BCCH Common Control Channel CCCH Dedicated Control Channel DCCH Associated Control Channel ACCH
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PCH/AGCH
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Broadcast Control Channel BCCH


The information carried on the BCCH is monitored by the MS CCH

periodically when it is in idle mode


BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel BCCH SCH: Synchronization Channel

BCH

Synch. Channels

SCH
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FCCH

Common Control Channel CCCH


The CCCH is responsible for transferring control information between all mobiles and the network.
RACH: Random Access Channel PCH: Paging Channel AGCH: Access Granted Channel CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel RACH uplink CBCH downlink CCH

CCCH

PCH/AGCH downlink
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Dedicated Control Channel DCCH


DCCH is assigned to a single wireless connection for measurement and handover purpose. SDCCH: Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel ACCH: Associated Control Channel SACCH: Slow Associated Control Channel FACCH: Fast Associated Control Channel
CCH

DCCH

SDCCH

ACCH

FACCH
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SACCH

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Uplink Logical channel

CCH
RACH

CCCH

SDCCH SACCH FACCH TCH/F TCH/H

DCCH

DCH

TCH

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Downlink Logical channel


FCCH

CCH

BCCH

SCH BCCH

CCCH

PCH AGCH

SDCCH

DCH

DCCH

SACCH FACCH

TCH

TCH/F TCH/H

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How to use these channels?


Power-off

Search for frequency correction burst Search for synchronous burst Extract system information

FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH SDCCH TCH FACCH

Idle mode

Monitor paging message

Send access burst


Allocate signaling channel
Dedicated mode

Set up the call Allocate voice channel Conversation


Idle mode

Release the call

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Packet logic channel


Packet data channel (PDCH)

TCH

Comprising packet service channel and packet control channel

TCH
Packet service channel (PDTCH)

Combined into the single-directional service channel

Packet control channel

BCCH CCCH
SACCH

Broadcast control channel: PBCCH Public control channel: PPCH, PRACH, PAGCH Private control channel: PACCH, PTCCH

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GSM Logical Channel Combination

Main BCCH combination FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH


SDCCH combination SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8 Combined BCCH BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4 TCH/FR combination TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F TCH/HR combination TCH/H + FACCH/H + SACCH/H

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Combination of packet logic channel


Packet logic channels (PDCH) can be combined via the following three modes

Mode 1: PBCCH+PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH; Mode 2: PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH; Mode 3: PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH

In case of small GPRS traffic, GPRS and circuit services use the same BCCH

and CCCH in the cell. In this case, only combination mode 3 is needed in the cell

With the increase of traffic, the packet public channel should be configured in the

cell. Channel combination mode 1 and mode 2 should be adopted

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GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames 0 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

46 47 48 49 50

51 Frame Multi-frames

CONTROL CHANNELS
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GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 1 2 3 4

21 22 23 24 25

26 Frame Multi-frames

TRAFFIC CHANNELS
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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface Chapter 5 Radio Techniques Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction

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Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink power settings can be controlled independently and individually.

5W 0.8W

Saves battery power Reduces co-channel and adjacent channel interference

8W
BCCH ------Does not attend Power control

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DTX and VAD

Discontinuous Transmission DTX Voice Activity Detection VAD

Battery Saving Interference reduction

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Timing Advance (TA)


The mobile phone should send the signal in advance!

TA

Transmission delay t

Transmission delay t

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Multi-path Fading
Diversity Frequency Hopping

Time Dispersion
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Diversity Whats Diversity?


Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both

overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel and increasing the received signal to interference ratio.

The former is achieved by ensuring uncorrelated (i.e. low

enough correlated) fading between antenna branches i.e. not all antennas experience fades at the same time.

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Kinds of Diversity
Time diversity

Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity
f

Frequency hopping
Space diversity

Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity

Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity

Equalizer

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Frequency Hopping
Frequency

f0

f1
f2 f3 f4 Frame Time

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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface Chapter 5 Radio Techniques Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction

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GSM Development Evolution

3G 2.5G
2 Mbps 384 kbps IMT-2000

2G
57.6 kbps 9.6 kbps GSM HSCSD

115 kbps
GPRS

EDGE

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Data rate of EDGE and GPRS


Kbps
60.0
54.4 59.2

50.0 40.0 30.0


21.4

GPRS EGPRS
29.6 22.4 17.6 14.8 8.8 11.2

44.8

20.0
13.4

15.6

10.0 0.0

9.0

CS-1

CS-2

CS-3

CS-4

MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9

GMSK
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8PSK
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Huawei EDGE Test Result


Downlink, 4 TS, MCS-9

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The basic idea of GSM

Summary

The frequency spectrum used in GSM The structure of GSM Certain service area and numbers Some radio techniques used in GSM

Evolution of GSM

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