Review management of white rot of Allium crops

A reviso das prticas de gesto para controle da podrido branca (S. cepivorum) em culturas Allium

Possible treatment Regime 1?

(regime tratamento possvel uma?)

Year (ano)1 white rot identified (podrido branca identificada) sanitation measures (medidas de saneamento) hot spot treatment (tratamento hot spot)

metham sodium, Dazomet or equivalent

rogue all volunteer Allium crops (remover todas as
culturas Allium)

Possible treatment Regime 1?

(regime tratamento possvel uma?)

Year (ano) 2 antes de plantar uma cultura hospedeira no,

aplicar DADS ou alho em p, quando a temperatura do solo
adequada

Year (ano) 3 antes de plantar uma cultura hospedeira no,

aplicar DADS ou alho em p, quando a temperatura do solo
adequada

Year (ano) 4 crescer novamente culturas de Allium (cebola ou alho)

Aplicaes de fungicidas

Possible treatment Regime 2?

(regime tratamento possvel uma?)

Year (ano) 1
white rot identified (podrido branca identificada)

sanitation measures (medidas de saneamento) hot spot treatment (tratamento hot spot)
metham sodium, Dazomet or equivalent rogue all volunteer Allium crops (remover todas as culturas Allium)

Year (ano) 2

controle com fungicidas

Management efforts focused

Os esforos de pesquisa focado

Sanitation (saneamento)
Biostimulantes DADS (90-99% effective) and garlic (alho p) powder

Chemical control (control qumico)

spot soil treatment (tratamento do solo local)
seed treatment (tratamento de sementes) at sowing (aplicao a la siembra) foliar application (aplicao foliar)

Outros Rotation with biofumigation? rotao biofumigao

Soil solarisation? - solarizao do solo

Strategies for white rot control in Australia

As estratgias para controlar cebola podrido branca na Austrlia 1. saneamento 2. proteger as plantas contra a infeco com
fungicidas eficazes controle biolgico mais fungicidas em stios da doena baixos

3. reduzir as populaes de esclerdios no solo

DADS DADS integrado con fungicida o control biolgico

4. prticas culturais
rotao de culturas adequada anulao

Contedo
Histria Austrlia/NZ Epidemiologia Prticas de gesto
anulao reabilitao dos solos fungicidas e biocontrols

Controle integrado Novos desafios Opes para o Brasil?

Onion growing regions of Australia

145LE

155LE
Lockyer Valley

-30LS
Perth Manjimup Adelaide Plains River Murray South East Riverina

-40LS
North West Coast

Areas with white rot Australia

Lockyer Valley Queensland

Victoria

Northern Tasmania

Bunching onions in sandy soils Produccin region costera Victoria

bunching onions (leafy and root vegetables) sandy soil 500-600 mm rain 14-16 weeks growing cycle

Sistemas de produccin cebolla Tasmania

Onion, pyrethrum, potatoes, vegetables Red Ferrosol 600-900 mm rain

Sistemas de produccin cebolla Queensland

Onion and some garlic (sweet corn and other vegetables)

Black volcanic cracking soil 400-500 mm rain

Valor bruto de la produccin

(ABS 2009-10)
Cultivo allium Area(ha) 40 310 120 410 5,300 Produccin (t) 270 (>800 AGP) 4 670 60 3 570 260,000 Valor $Aus m 1.9 7.8 0.6 6.1 156.0

ajo puerros cebollas (semilla) cebollinos cebolla (white & brown)

Australia average yield onions 49 t/ha ($461 692/t good years) California (Central San Joaquin Valley) garlic and onion production >48,000 acres (>$340 m) 2006, 13,000 acres with white rot (Turini presentation web)

Tempos de cultivo (Australia)

Regin Perodo de siembra
Mar May Mar - May Aug - Oct

Cosecha

Riesgo de infeccin
Jun - Aug

Queensland NSW Tasmania

Sep Dec Nov - Jan Jan - April

Sep - Nov

Tempos de cultivo New Zealand

Pukekohe Matamata

Hawkes Bay

Canterbury

Pukekohe/Matamata districts (North Island): Planting May August Harvest December-February Epidemics September October + Canterbury/Timaru districts (South Island) Planting August-September Harvest February- March Epidemics January-February

Timaru

Total area about 5000 ha

Epidemiology
epidemiologia

Epidemiologia Podrido Blanca (S. cepivorum)

Sclerotia source of infection (esclerocios infeco fonte)

Conditions favourable for sclerotia germination and spread

Condies favorveis para o crescimento do patgeno e epidemias

Esclerdios sobreviven en el solo por 10-15 anos

Esclerdios germinan cuando raizes de Allium culturas emiten compuestos sulfurosos (alkyl sulphide) Esclerdios germinan entre 10 y 25 C, ptimo 1318 C
El crecimiento micelial (miclio) entre 5 y 30 C, ptimo 10-20 C

Methods of spread
Mtodos de propagao

Disease spread quickly prevention of spread to clean field crucial!!! Research efforts plus educational programs must be implemented

infested soil on equipment Solo infestado seed semente animals animais other plant material outros materiais vegetais water run off- guas

Strategies white rot control in Australia

As estratgias para controlar cebola podrido branca na Austrlia

Cultural practices (prticas culturais)

avoidance (anulao) late plantings (plantaes tardias) rotation (non-hospedeiro e biofumigant culturas)

Treatment infested soil (tratamento solos infestados)

soil treatments (tratamento do solo DADS, alho em p)

Management (gesto)
fungicides (no sulco de plantio, aps o plantio e emergncia) biocontrols (no sulco de plantio)

Integrated control (controle integrado)

DADS + fungicides and/or biocontrol

Cultural practices
prticas culturais

Typical Disease Progress Curve, subtropical, Queensland, Australia Tipica curva de progresso
120 100

% plants affected

80 60 40 20 0

Crop sown 28/3/07

25/06/07

5/07/07

15/07/07

25/07/07
Date

4/08/07

14/08/07

24/08/07

10cm Soil
35 30 25 20 15 10 5

20cm Soil

Soil temperature oC

Jan
0

June

Dec

Late planting strategy, Lockyer Valley, Queensland, Australia (plantio tardio com fungicidas)

Late sowing (May)

10cm Soil
35 30 25 20 15 10 5

20cm Soil

Soil temperature oC

Jan
0

June

Dec

Triadimenol (Allitron)

Botrytis & Aspergillus Cyprodinil and Fludioxonil (Switch)

Typical Disease Progress curve, Tasmania, Australia

Tipica curva de progresso
25 20

% plants affected

15

10

Crop sown 4/5/07

0 10/09/07

20/09/07

30/09/07

10/10/07

20/10/07 Date

30/10/07

9/11/07

19/11/07

29/11/07

Typical Disease Progress Curve (Untreated Pukekohe, New Zealand 2004)

Tipica curva de progresso

80%

% plants affected

60%

40%

20%

0%
1-Aug-04 21-Aug-04 10-Sep-04 30-Sep-04 20-Oct-04 9-Nov-04 29-Nov-04 19-Dec-04

Time

Degree Day calculator: Pukekohe New Zealand

Optimum timing of sprays based on white rot degree day (WRDD) calculation
Momento ideal de sprays com base no clculo de graus dia

20 years data showed that first diseased plants occur at 250 degree days after planting so post-plant sprays effective if applied 100-150 WRDD after planting

Relacin entre nmero de esclerocios en el suelo y la incidencia de podredumbre blanca

80 70

Disease incidence %

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Soil samples = 5 - 6 Area sampled = 0.2 - 0.4 ha

No. sclerotia kg dry soil

Soil Test (teste do solo)

Soil test used in Tasmania, Australia - Teste de
solo utilizado na Tasmnia, Austrlia

Growers usually know history of farm plantadores geralmente conhece a histria da fazenda

Information becomes part of decision making - Informao torna-se parte da tomada de decises 1 composite sample per ha (20 subsamples) Uma amostra composta por ha (20 subamostras)

Hot spot (patches)

Eliminate hot spots to prevent disease spread

Cost effective soil treatments (e.g. Dazomet and Metham Sodium)

Rehabilitation infested field

Technologies for Eradication/Prevention of Soilborne Pathogens

1. Soil Disinfestants (Eradicants)

2. IPM and Soil Health

(Prevention - Manage populations) Resistant varieties Biofumigants Biorationals (Voom or mustard oil) Solarisation +/- Redox Potential Biocontrols Organic amendments (Manures, C, N)

(Methyl bromide)
Telone C35, In line
Chloropicrin, Pic EC Metham and dazomet Methyl iodide Dimethyl disulphide Ethane dinitrile

3. Protection
Fungicides (only protect) Biocontrol (suppression)

Steam (energy!)
Solarisation (unsuitable?)

Diallyl disulphide (DADS)

Rotation with biofumigant green manure crops Rotao com biofumigant adubao verde

Caliente 199 (Yellow Mustard, USA)

Biofumigation process

Mustclean

Caliente 199

Rotation with yellow mustard (Brassica juncea) green manure crops

Isothiocyanates or ITCs released in to soil

Green manure Brassica species/varieties evaluated

Brassica adubo verde avaliado
Treatment Standard control AddagioTM (Fodder radish) NematTM Maxima-PlusTM BQ-Mulch IdaGoldTM (White mustard) AridTM NemfixTM Species/variety Fumafert Raphanus sativus Eruca sativus Brassica napus B. napus/rapa Sinapis alba Brassica juncea Brassica juncea Origin Organic Crop Protectants Pty Ltd Germany/PHPetersen/Schlatholter/Kirkegaard Biofumigant, Italy//Kirkegaard Fodder rape Kirkegaard Rape turnip, Biofumigant, NZ/Wrightson Oilseed USA/Uni Idaho/Morra//Kirkegaard Low-GSL oilseed mustard, Canada/Kirkegaard Biofumigant, Australia, Seedmark Robertson

MustcleanTM
Caliente 199TM GladiatorTM

Brassica juncea
Brassica juncea Brassica juncea

Grahams Seeds
Biofumigant, USA Biofumigant, Australia, Jacobs

Sinigrin (2-propenyl ITC) content Brassica green manure

Contedo Sinigrin na parte area e tecido da raiz

120 100

Shoot tissue Root tissue

Sinigrin (2-propenylITC)
Mol/g dry weight

80 60 40 20 0
Nemfix Caliente 199 Mustclean BQ-Mulch Gladiator Addagio Nemat Maxima-Plus IdaGold Arid

Effect of shoot tissue on Sclerotinia minor 0.5 and 1.0 g/plate on pathogen mycelial growth mm
Efeito do tecido tiro em Sclerotinia

80 70 60

0.25 g / plate 0.50 g / plate

Growth (mm)

50 40 30 20 10 0

Nemfix

Fumafert

Caliente 199

BQ-Mulch

Mustclean

Gladiator

Arid

Nemat

IdaGold

Maxima-Plus

Radish

Control (SDW)

Effect of shoot tissue on S. cepivorum 0.5 g/plate on viability esclorotios

Efeito do tecido tiro em esclerotios S. cepivorum
1.2 140 Proportion viable 1.0 Sinigrin mmole/g 120 100 0.8 80 0.6 60 0.4 40 0.2 20 0 untreated BQ Mulch Mustclean Nemfix Caliente 119 Fumafert

Proportion S. cepivorum sclerotia viable

0.0

Sinigrin mmole/g DW

Effect rotation with green manures on spring onion yield

Efeito de rotao adubo verde no rendimento cebolinha

Spring onions bunches fresh weight (m2)

7.0 6.0
Fresh weight kg/m2

5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0

Oats

Rye-corn

BQ Mulch

Mustclean

Fallow

Faba beans

Caliente 199

Effect rotation with green manures on green bean yield

Efeito de rotao adubo verde no rendimento feijes verdes

yield t/ha
10

gross margin
4000 3500

8 3000

Pod tonne/ha

2500 2000

1500 1000

2 500 0 Fallow Triticale Ryegrass BQ Mulch Vetch Faba beans Caliente 0

Gross margin $/ha

Chave de condies de incorporao: macerao dos tecidos umidade do solo para a hidrlise GSL em isotiocianatos ITCs impermeabilizao do solo para impedir a fuga das ITCs

When to avoid biofumigation

quando para evitar biofumigao com Brassicas

Summer (due to insect pest pressure) - Vero, devido presso de insetos Where ever clubroot disease is a problem - e onde quer que um problema de hrnia das crucferas

Choose an alternative non-brassica green manure crop

Treatment to reduce esclerotios

Tratamentos para reduo de esclerdios no solo

Diallyl disulphide or DADS

(disulfuro de dialilo or dialil dissulfeto)

DADS voltiles estimulan esclerocios

latentes a germinar en el suelo Alli-up & DADs (90-98% DADS) Inyeccin (shank) con agua en el suelo

2.5, 5 y 10 L/ha, 1000L de agua

aplicaciones individuales y dobles

Productos de ajo (produtos de alho)

deshidratado pulverizado (120, 250 kg/ha)

incorporado con azada rotatoria

extracto de ajo lquido (5, 10 L / ha) inyectado con

agua 1000 L / ha

Efecto de diferentes concentraciones de DADS y produtos alho en la germinacin de esclerocios (S. cepivorum) exp
maceta
70 60 Mean no. sclerotia 50 g soil 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
70 60 50

70 60

DADS

Mean no. 40 Sclerotia 30 50 g soil 20 10 0

50

extracto de ajo

0.003

0.015

0.03

0.03

0.15

0.3

diallyl disulphide g/kg soil

garlic juice ml/kg soil

Mean no. Sclerotia 50 g soil

40 30 20 10 0 0 0.15

ajo deshidratado

0.3

1.2

garlic pow der g/kg soil

Mtodos (tratamento cebolas)

Before planting - antes do plantio (solo em pousio) Alli-up and Aceto DADs 2.5, 5.0 and 10 L/ha 1 vs 2 aplicao Garlic Powder (alho em p) 120, 250 kg/ha Garlic Juice (extrato de alho) 5, 10 L/ha

Aplicacin DADs (suelo arenoso) las condiciones del suelo durante la aplicacin son crticas:

temperatura del suelo

humedad del suelo sellado (rodillo y riego)

Application DADS en suelo arenoso, cebollines

2nd application 25 Feb 2003 1st application 6 Sep 2002

Crop sown 17/04/2003

Reduccin de esclerocios con DADS en suelo arenoso, cebollines

70 60 50
No sclerotia 40 kg soil 30

20 10 0 Untreated 10 L/ha 5 L/ha 10 L/ha split 5 L/ha split DADS treatment

Reduction white rot with DADS on bunching onions Reduo da doena com DADS em cebolinhas
40 35 30

% plant affected

25 20 15 10 5 0 untreated DADS 10 L/ha DADS 5 L/ha DADS 10 L/ha x2 DADS 5 L/ha x2

Temperatura del suelo (volcanic soil) durante aplicacin de DADS

2003
25

2004

2st DADS
20

Soil temperature oC

15

10

1st DADS
5

May

Jun

Jul

Air Temp 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Crop sow n

10cm Soil
Crop harvested

Rain 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Temperature oC

00 5 pr 20 30 05 M ay 20 29 05 Ju n 20 29 05 Ju 28 l 2 0 0 A ug 5 20 27 05 S ep 20 27 05 O ct 20 26 05 N ov 20 26 05 D ec 20 05

20 05

ar 2

Ja n

ar 2

00 5

30

01

31

30

Rainfall (mm)

Reduccin de esclerocios con DADS en suelo volcnico, cebollas

100 90 80 70 No sclerotia kg soil 60 50 40
0
% plants affected

80

60

40

20

30 20 10 0 untreated 2003 untreated 2004

untreated

10 L/ha x2

1 x DADS 2003

2 x DADS 2004

Application DADS en red ferrosol, cebollas

Aplicao DADS em solos ferrosol cebolas

2nd application 18 April 2007

1st application 21 Aug 2006

Crop sown 27/08/2007

Aplicacin DADs (red ferrosol)

Effect of DADS and garlic powder on esclerotios, red ferrosol soil Tasmania
Efeito da DADS e p de alho em esclerotios, solo vermelho ferrosol Tasmnia
40 35

No esclerotios kg soil

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Extracto Ajo untreated Ajo pulverisado DADS 5 L/ha x2 DADS 10 L/ha DADS 10 L/ha x2 DADS 5 L/ha

Effect of DADS and garlic products on disease onions, red ferrosol Tasmania
Efeito da DADS e alho em p na produo de cebola, vermelho ferrosol Tasmnia
45 40

% onion plants affected

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
untreated Extracto Ajo x1 DADS 5 L/ha x2 Ajo pulverisado x1 DADS 10 L/ha x2 DADS 5 L/ha DADS 10 L/ha

Control by DADS 1996-98, cebolas New Zealand

Treatment Total Yield tonne/ha Return $/ha

(December 1996/May 1997)

DADS 10l/ha +5 l/ha + Folicur DADS 10l/ha +5 l/ha DADS 10l/ha No treatment

49.5

$24,549

50.6 39.9 30.0

$25248 $18587 $14475

DADS 1998-2000, Cebolas, New Zealand

Applications: 2 Nov 1998 + 23 April 1999
50% 5 l/ha + 5 l/ha 5 l/ha + 10 l/ha 10 l/ha + 5 l/ha 10 l/ha + 10 l/ha control

40%
% white rot

30%

20%

10%

0%
13 Aug 1 Sep 16 Sep 29 Sep 13 Oct 28 Oct 10 Nov 23 Nov 9 Dec

DADS effect on white rot and garlic yield (California)

Efeito da DADS na doena e alho rendimento, Califrnia
90 80 70 Healthy root system Yield 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Untreated 224 kg/ha garlic powder DADS (0.5 ml/m2) Methyl bromide (98%; 2% chloropicrin) 0.9 0.8

% healthy root system

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Davis et al., 2007

yield garlic (kg/m)

Efeito do alho em p na reduo esclerdios (Oregon, USA)

Crowe et al., 2007

Onion waste compost effect on reduction sclerotia (UK) Efeito da cebola na reduo esclerdios

Coventry et al., 2007

Eficacia bio-estimulantes (Australia)

DADS sinttico (91-97%) altamente eficaz em doses
baixas (5-7 L/ha) para reduzir a esclerdios no solo

dois tratamentos melhor do que uma

concentraes de alho em p no foram eficazes (17-30%

sulfides) como DADS sinttico

alho em p 125 135 lb/acre eficaz in Oregon, USA

Conclusin eficacia bio-estimulantes

DADS eficcia depende dos nveis e profundidade de inculo no solo condicin del suelo crtico durante aplicacin: temperatura humedad sellado (contener voltiles)

Current status of DADS

Only effective way to restore heavily infested land Slow uptake (Alli-up) in New Zealand Cost $750/ha (2005); about $US50 / L (California 2009) New manufacturer (Aceto) DADs Slow uptake in California and Canada Permit required in Australia (currently commercial trials)

Crop Protection (fungicides and biocontrols)

Control of white rot

Pre-1980
Fumigation with Methyl Bromide Formaldehyde Mercurous chloride on seed Benomyl

1980s
1979-80 Iprodione (Rovral) Vinclozolin (Ronilan) Seed treatment and foliar sprays (3x monthly) 1984-85 Failure of iprodione and vinclozolin Enhanced degradation Introduction of procymidone (Sumisclex) Dispersible granule at planting Foliar sprays Sumisclex mainstay of control into early 1990s then failure

1990 onwards
Introduction of triazoles 1989-1990
tebuconazole (Folicur) triadimenol (Cereous, Bayfidan)

1991-92
cyproconazole (Alto) Applied as foliar sprays

Failure of tebuconazole (New Zealand)

1996-97 Loss of efficacy noticed in field trial Confirmed in subsequent years Not effective in Pukekohe area May be still effective in South Island and Hawkes Bay

Still effective in Australia

Current situation (Australia)

Onion industry dependent on: tebuconazole (430 SC) and In furrow onions (Tasmania only) triadimenol (Allitron, 375 g/L; Zelam) foliar applications aim for maximum efficiency

Others: Filan (boscalid) and Switch (cyprodinil + fludioxonil) foliar have activity but used for Botrytis and others
Filan foliar (off label) bunching onions

Current situation (New Zealand)

Industry dependent on triadimenol and cyproconazole Aim for maximum efficiency Apply in relation to disease onset (use of degree day calculator in Pukekohe area)

Fungicidas (solos arenoso)

cebolinhas (bunching onions 14-16 weeks growing cycle)

Aplicaciones de fungicidas (a la siembra - suelos arenosos) en el surco:

tratamientos de semilla (procymidone, tebuconazole)
tratamientos de fertilizante (procymidone, tebuconazole)

superficie del suelo remojar (procymidone, tebuconazole, boscalid)

In furrow Surface

Treated fertiliser

Treated seed

Aplicaciones de fungicidas (post siembra)

v a la base del tallo y zona de la raz : remojar (boscalid, tebuconazol) foliares:
triadimenol, azoxystrobin
Strategic application

Control con fungicidas en suelo arenoso, cebolinhas (bunching onions), 2004

50
Soil temperature (C)

40 30 20 10

1st spray

2nd spray harvest

Sow ing

0
Jan Feb Mar April May June

Month

Control con fungicidas en suelo arenoso, cebolinhas (bunching onions), 2004

% plantas enfermas
% plants infected
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 untreated procymidone (soil,stem) azoxystrobin (stem,stem) triadimenol (stem,stem) boscalid (stem,stem) tebuconazole (soil) boscalid (soil,stem)

Fungicida

Control con fungicidas en suelo arenoso, cebolinhas (bunching onions)

% % plants plantas enfermas infected 20

30 25 20 15 10 5 0
No. ramos No marketable 10 plantas/ramo bunches

15 10 5 0
untreated control tebuconazole (sow ing) boscalid (sow ing) boscalid (sow ing, stem)

Fungicida

fungisttico o fungitxico?
Bayfidan (triadimenol) Folicur (tebuconazole)
Ambos fungicidas fungistticos, paran el crecimiento del patgeno pero no lo matan.

Hongos capaces de crecer de nuevo normalmente cuando se extraen de las placas con fungicidas.

At sowing application (aplicacin a la siembra) (Tebuconazole, Tasmania ONLY)

En 1990s, tebuconazole mezclado con lime super (1 L/125 kg)
125 kg lime super tebuconazole treated + 125 kg triple super Apply in furrow with seed Produccin lime super paro en 2007

Currently tebuconazole added to single super (1L/125 kg)

Apply in furrow with seed Supplemented with 1-2 foliar triadimenol (Allitron) and Filan (boscalid) for Botrytis

La colocacin de fungicidas (por ejemplo en granulos de abono) para el control mximo de patgenos

Tamao de las partculas y el nmero afectaran la colocacin y la distribucin de fungicidas en el suelo.

triadimenol

boscalid

tebuconazole

Folicur-single super + triple super 250 kg/ha in fertiliser box

Prueba fitotoxicidad
Triadimenol (Bayfidan)-bentonite moderate solubility, phytotoxic at sowing

Tebuconazole (Folicur)-bentonite low solubility, not phytotoxic

Procymidone (Sumisclex) in furrow phytotoxic (bunching onions) due to slow germination in cold temperatures

Water control

Pre and post-plant application (aplicacin despus de la siembra)

Programa para prevenir la enfermedad temprana, y extender la proteccin de cultivos hasta la cosecha.

Onions - Efecto de fungicida aplicado al abono en el surco

Field Trial, Forthside Research Station 2007/08 % Reject onions due to severe WR
30

20

10

0 Untreated control Folicur bentonite 20kg/ha Bayfidan bentonite 20kg/ha SR Tbz 20kg/ha Folicur - single super 250kg/ha

Efecto de fungicida aplicado al abono en el surco

Field Trial Onions, Kindred 2007/08 - within commercial crop
% Reject Onions with severe OWR 20
SR Tbz = Slow release tebuconazole

16 12 8 4 0
Untreated control Folicurbentonite 20kg/ha Bayfidanbentonite 20kg/ha SR Tbz 20kg/ha SR Tbz 40kg/ha Folicursingle super 250kg/ha

Onions, Trial Tasmania (2006/07)

Temperatura del suelo (soil temperature)
30
Soil temperature at 10 cm depth (oC)

3rd fungicide application

25 20 15 10

Crop sown 4 May

2nd fungicide application 1st fungicide application

Harvest
5 0 23/05/06

20/06/06

18/07/06

15/08/06

12/09/06

10/10/06

07/11/06

05/12/06

02/01/07

Onions - efecto aplicacion despues de la siembra Pre and post-plant fungicide efficacies Forth (2006/07)
25 Untreated control Filan 1000gai Folicur 430gai 20 Amistar 400gai Filan 500gai LEM 800gai
White rot incidence

All plots had tebuconazole in furrow

Untreated control

15

Amistar 200gai Filan 1000gai+gypsum carrier Bayfidan 750gai

3rd application

10

Bayfidan 375gai 2nd application

Folicur Filan + gypsum Bayfidan low rate

5 1st application Bayfidan high rate

0 10/09/06

20/09/06

30/09/06

10/10/06

20/10/06

30/10/06

09/11/06

19/11/06

29/11/06

09/12/06

Review onion white rot research Australia and other countries

Duff et al., - Fungicide trial alho,

subtropical Queensland, March October 1996

Folicur yield 4.2, 5.0, 6.9, 7.8 t/ha

Folicur yield 2.9, 6.7, 7.6, 8.6 t/ha

Alho trial Fresno County, California Shannon et al. 2003/2004.

Cultivar California Early Drip irrigation (2004-2007) not effective

Alho trial Fresno County, California Shannon et al. 2003/2004.

Alho trial Fresno County, California Shannon et al. 2003/2004.

At planting: Endura (boscalid) and Scholar or Cannoball (fludioxonil) also have reduced disease severity and increased yields

Turini et al. (web presentation) 2007-2008 alho trial California (114 sclerotia/kg soil), planted Nov 2007

At planting: 25 gallons water acre (30 psi)

Turini et al. (web presentation) 2007-2008 alho trial California

Turini et al. (web presentation) 2007-2008 alho trial California

Drip applied pumped into 1-2 inch deep drip line over 45 min
Drip application not effective infection had already occurred at time first application

Melero-Vara et al., alhoc trial Spain

Dipping garlic cloves 1 ml tebuconazole (Folicur) 25% L water 5 min and/or stem base spray 10 day interval (2-3 applications)

Sumario fungicidas cebollas (a la siembra)

Folicur (tebuconazole 430 g/L) eficaz 1.0
L/ha, a la siembra con semente mezclado en single super y no fitotxico Actualmente (Tasmania)

Folicur mezclado con single super (1 L/125 kg)

+ 125 triple super en el sulco a la siembra ~ $270/ha
tebuconazole suprime e impedir a propagao da doena e pode
fornecer proteo de ciclo precoce e mdio, se inculo baixo.

Se inculo alta suplemento con Allitron 1.5 L/ha (triadimenol 250

SC) 1-2 aplicaes foliares com irrigao para mover fungicida para razes e bulbos

Sumario fungicidas cebolas (aps a emergncia)

Allitron (triadimenol, 250 SC) and Filan

(boscalid, 500 g a.i.) mais adequado para a aplicao aps a semeadura (emergncia)

Allitron muito eficaz 1.0 1.5 L/ha seguido

de irrigao para mover o produto para as razes e bolbos

Filan (boscalid) eficcia depende de tipo de

solo, umidade e mtodo de aplicao. Mais eficaz em solos com matria orgnica baixo

mido solo e copa reduzir a ligao em

Alho fungicidas eficcia

Queensland (Duff et al.,)
Pre-plant dente alho tratamento Folicur (430 g/L) 0.25-1.0 L/ha

Spain (Melero-Vara et al.,): Dente alho dipping (5 min) tebuconazole (1 ml Folicur (25% EC) / L water) plus stem base sprays Ethiopia (Zewide et al.,) Folicur (25 EC 2.1 ml kg) dipping 480 g dente alho in 1 ml

tebuconazole in 1 L water for 5 hr, plus basal spray (0.25 L ha)

California (Shannon et al.,): Folicur dente alho tratamento (0.4 oz a.i./cwt) o in furrow (surco) spray 20.5 fl oz Switch, Botran, Endura, Cannonball in furrow (surco) spray banded over open furrow (surco)

Control biologico

(biocontrol)

Biological control agents with activity against podredumbre blanca

Trichoderma atroviride cepa C52 (Onionmate, Lincoln University, Agrimm Tech., New Zealand) pellets (a la siembra) Trichoderma harzianum cepa Td22 (Gauntlet, Tasmania, Australia) Pellets (a la siembra) Composte Early season suppression of disease Supplementary fungicides for full season protection

Metodo
T. atroviride cepa C52 (Lincoln University, Agrimm Tech. NZ)

grnulos con esporas (> 1x106 ufc / g) se aplican

con la semilla

30, 50 y 70 kg / ha (OnionMate )

proliferacin de C52 en la zona de la raz importante

Efecto Trichoderma alone and combined with DADS and fungicides

40

a
% plants affected
30

b
20

10

c d

untreated

Trichoderma C52

DADS

DADS + C52

50

a
40

% plants affected

a
30

20

b
10

b c c

0 untreated Trichoderma C52 Tebuconazole Tebuconazole DADS 10L/ha DADS + C52 (furrow) + C52 x2

Compatibilidad entre las prcticas de cultivo y un agente de control biolgico (Trichoderma)

Poblacin de Trichoderma necesario para el control biolgico estimado 105 cfu/g suelo

Compatible con: suelos con buenos niveles de materia orgnica mayora de los composts con bajo nitrgeno

mayoria de residuos de cosecha (hortalizas)

tasas de campo de fungicidas (dicarboximide, anilide)

Incompatible con: tazas de campo de fertilizantes nitrogenados tratamientos de semillas (thiram, benlate)

Conclusin eficacia biocontrol

Trichoderma C52 no proporcion un buen control en campos con >30% incidencia de podredumbre blanca puede ser til en sitios con baja incidencia de enfermedad, C52 debe ser integrado con aplicaciones foliares de fungicidas para un mejor control de podredumbre blanca

Crop Protection (Control integrado)

Mtodos (tratamientos)
Before planting Aceto Alli-up and DADs 2.5, 5.0 and 10 L/ha 1 vs 2 applicaciones Garlic Powder (polvo de ajo) 120, 250 kg/ha Garlic Juice (jugo de ajo) 5, 10 L/ha

A la siembra Onion Mate (Trichoderma C52), 50 kg/ha Fungicide (Folicur-single super + triple super)
Despues de la siembra Filan (boscalid), Bayfidan (triadimenol),

Control con DADS, biocontrol y fungicidas en suelo arenoso, cebollines

% plantas enfermas % plants infected
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
untreated biocontrol DADS10L/ha single DADS 5L/ha single DADS 10L/ha dual DADS 5L/ha dual DADS 5L dual+biocontrol boscalid DADS 5L dual+boscalid

Tratamiento

Ingreso bruto control con DADS y fungicidas, cebollines

Tratamiento Cosecha No. ramos/ha Aumento rendimien to (%) 136.2 128.6 144.8

Ingreso bruto ha at $Aus5 per deck $52,500

$71,500 $67,500 $76,000

Control
boscalid 2 x DADS 5L/ha DADS + boscalid

10,500
14,300 13,500 15,200

35% disease incidence; 1 deck = 10 bunches

34% incidencia de podredumbre blanca, Paragon

Ensayo Queensland (suelo volcnico)

Temperatura del suelo durante aplicacin de DADs

2003
25

2004

2st DADS
20

Soil temperature oC

15

10

1st DADS
5

May

Jun

Jul

Air Temp 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Crop sow n

10cm Soil
Crop harvested

Rain 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Temperature oC

00 5 pr 20 30 05 M ay 20 29 05 Ju n 20 29 05 Ju 28 l 2 0 0 A ug 5 20 27 05 S ep 20 27 05 O ct 20 26 05 N ov 20 26 05 D ec 20 05

20 05

ar 2

Ja n

ar 2

00 5

30

01

31

30

Rainfall (mm)

Control con DADS, biocontrol y fungicidas en suelo volcnico (2005) cebollas

30

Soil Temperature (oC)

2005
20
Crop sown 1st boscalid spray 1st boscalid spray

% plantas infected % plants enfermas

100 80 60 40 20 0
untreated Filan

10

0 Mar April May Jun Jul

DADS, DADS, Filan Trichoderma

DADS

Folicur

Folicur, Filan

DADS, Folicur and Filan

DADS, Folicur

Tratamiento

Aumento en rendimiento con DADS, fungicidas y biocontrol suelo volcnico, cebollas (2005)
Tonnes/ha

40 30 20 10 0
untreated Filan DA DS, Filan DA DS DA DS, Fo licur and Filan Fo licur Fo licur, Filan DA DS, DA DS, Fo licur Tricho derma

Ingreso bruto control con DADS y fungicide, cebollas

Tratamiento Tonnes/ha Aumento rendimiento (%) Ingreso bruto ha at $Aus450/t

Control tebuconazole 2 x DADS 10L/ha DADS + tebuconazole

11 31 28 34

281.8 254.5 309.0

$4,950 $13,950 $12,600 $15,300

cv Early Lockyer Brown; 60% incidencia podredumbre blanca

Ensayo Tasmania (Red ferrosol)

Temperatura del suelo durante aplicacin de DADs

35 30 25
Soil temperature (oC)

2nd DADs applied on 18/04/07

20 15 10 5 0 9/12/06

8/01/07

7/02/07

9/03/07

8/04/07

8/05/07

7/06/07

7/07/07

30 cm 9/12/06 0 8/01/07 7/02/07 9/03/07

15 cm 8/04/07 8/05/07 7/06/07 7/07/07

40

Soil moisture tension (kPa)

80 2nd DADS applied on 18/04/07 120 dataloggers set up on 9/12/06 1st DADS applied on 21/09/06 160

200

Control con DADS y productos de ajo en un cultivo de cebolla

en un campo con bajo contenido de humedad durante la aplicacin de tratamientos del suelo

nil x2 DADS 5L x1 DADS 5L

50
% plants with white rot

x2 DADS 2.5L LGE x1 DADS 2.5L

DGP 2x DADS 10L x1 DADS 10L

40 30

b 20 10 0

Pre-plant soil treatment

Aumento de rendimiento con DADS y productos de ajo en un cultivo de cebolla

en un campo con bajo contenido de humedad durante la aplicacin de tratamientos del suelo

nil x1DADS 10L DGP

7

LGE x2DADS 2.5L 2xDADS 10L

x1DADS 2.5L x1DADS 5L x2DADS 5L

Marketable onions (kg)

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

c b a bc

Pre-plant soil treatment

Control con DADS, biocontrol y fungicidas

en un campo con bajo contenido de humedad durante la aplicacin de tratamientos del suelo

nil x1DADS 5L x1DADS 2.5L + T x1DADS 10L + T x1DADS 2.5L + F

50
% Plants with white rot

Trichoderma x1DADS 2.5L x1DADS 10L x1DADS 5L + F

folicur x1DADS 5L + T x1DADS 10L + F Folicur + Trichoderma

a 40 a 30 20 10 0
Pre-plant soil and protectant treatments

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

Aumento en rendimiento con DADS, biocontrol y fungicidas

en un campo con bajo contenido de humedad durante la aplicacin de tratamientos del suelo

nil x1DADS 5L + T x1DADS 2.5L + T x1DADS 10L + T x1DADS 5L + F

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Trichoderma Trichoderma + folicur Folicur x1DADS 5L

x1DADS 2.5L x1DADS 10L + F x1DADS 10L x1DADS 2.5L + F

d

Marketable onions (kg)

c a b bc bc

cd

cd

Pre-plant and protectant treatments

Ensayo Queensland (suelo volcnico)

Temperature oC
0

Soil temperature oC
10 5 15 20 25 30 35

30 Ja n M 20 06 01 31

10

15

20

25

30

35

30 Ja n M ar 2 ar 2 00 7 00 7 M A 20 07 01 31 30

Air Temp

crop sown

30

10cm Soil

1st DADS

10cm Soil crop harvested Rain

20cm Soil

2nd DADS

pr 20 07 M ay 20 29 07 Ju n 20 07 29 Ju l2 28 00 7 A ug 20 27 07 S ep 20 27 07 O ct 20 26 07 N ov 20 26 07 D ec 20 07

ar 20 06 M ar 20 30 06 Ap r2 00 30 6 M ay 20 29 06 Ju n 20 06 29 Ju l2 00 28 6 Au g 20 27 06 Se p 20 27 06 O ct 20 26 06 N ov 20 26 06 D ec 20 06

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Rainfall (mm)

Control con DADS - en un campo con altos niveles de esclerocios

(300/kg suelo)
120 untreated control DADS 2.5 L/ha, 1 application DADS 2.5 L/ha, 2 application DADS 5 L/ha, 1 application DADS 5 L/ha, 2 application DADS 10 L/ha, 1 application DADS 10 L/ha, 2 application

100

% of plants with white rot

80

60

40

20

0
28/06/200 5/07/2007 1 2/07/200 1 9/07/200 26/07/200 2/08/2007 9/08/2007 1 6/08/200 23/08/200 30/08/200

Assessment date

Control con fungicidas - en un campo con altos niveles de esclerocios (300/kg suelo)

100 untreated control Bayfidan Filan Folicur

% plants with white rot

80

60

40

20

0
28/06/200 1 2/07/200 26/07/200 9/08/2007 23/08/200

Assessment date

Control con DADS y fungicidas - en un campo con altos niveles

de esclerocios (300/kg suelo)

100

untreated control DADS 2.5 L/ha, 1 application + Folicur DADS 2.5 L/ha, 2 application + Bayfidan

80
% plants with white rot

DADS 5 L/ha, 1 application + Folicur DADS 5 L/ha, 2 application + Bayfidan

60

DADS 10 L/ha, 1 application + Folicur DADS 10 L/ha, 2 application + Bayfidan

40

20

0
28/06/200 12/07/200 26/07/200 9/08/2007 23/08/200

Assessment date

Resultados DADs integrado

DADs preplant + fungicida (e.g. Folicur) a la siembra si inoculum alto DADS pre-plant + fungicida (Folicur) a la siembra + Allitron despues siembra si inoculum muy alto DADS + biocontrol a la siembra + Allitron si inoculum es muy bajo

Opciones para Brazil?

preplant tratamentos para reduo de
esclerdios
DADs, produtos de alho?

Tratamentos siembra (fungicidas)

Folicur (tebuconazole)?

Others

Post-plant trataments seguido de

Abordagem integrada para gerenciar podrido branca

Bioestimulantes (DADS e alho em p) para reduzir as populaes esclercios
Fungicidas para proteger as plantas contra a infeco
semente (clove dente alho) aplicar na semeadura injeo atravs de irrigao por gotejamento?

Land rehabilitation

rotao com os no-anfitries e culturas biofumigant solarisation? fumigation?

Necesidades futuras de investigacin

1. otros mtodos para aplicar DADS y fungicidas (e.g. riego por goteo y subsuelo), otros fungicidas
2. eficacia de productos que contienen sulfides incluyendo DADS y DMDS en otros patgenos del suelo 3. efecto de aplicacin de productos de ajo a diferentes profundidades del suelo 4. evaluar tratamientos alternativos de suelos (por ejemplo enmiendas del suelo con isotiocianatos, etc) 5. adecuada rotacin de cultivos (enfoque holstico) incluyendo uso de cultivos biofumigantes (descanse)

Agradecimientos
Others
Dr Oscar Villalta Denise Wite Dr Ian J. Poter Dr Kirstin McLean Alan Duff Hung Pung Bob Furllerton (DPI Victoria) (DPI Victoria) (DPI Victoria) (Lincoln University, NZ) (DPI&F Queensland, Australia) (Peracto Ltd Pty, Tasmania, Australia) (HortResearch, NZ) Joordens Seeds/ Seedforce Caliente source Dr John Kirkegaard CSIRO

Prof. Alison Stewart (Lincoln University, NZ)

Dr Jacky Edwards - DPI Dr Caroline Donald Dr Oscar Villata Dr Scott Mattner Dr David Allen Rajendra Gounder David Riches

Referncias
Villalta et al., (2008). Optimising diallyl disulphide (DADS) for the management of white rot of onions. Horticulture Australia VN05009 Villalta et al., (2005). Stop the Rot Managing onion white rot in spring onions. Horticulture Australia VG01096 Melero-Vara et al., (2000). Comparison of physical, chemical and biological methods of controlling garlic white rot. European Journal of Plant Pathology 106, 581-588. A. A. Duff, et al., (1997). Tebuconazole (Folicur) shows potential in the control of white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum) in garlic in subtropical Queensland, Australia. Proceedings of the second International symposium on edible alliaceae pp247-250. Shannon Mueller, Kurt Hembree, and Mike Davis (2006). Garlic White Rot Trial Progress Report. Vegetable notes edition 7 (on the web) Pung et al., (2008). Development of postplant fungicide treatments for white rot control on onions. HAL project VN05007 Pung et al., (2008). Investigation on efficacy of Folicur in lime super carrier and development of alternative carriers for white rot control in onions. HAL project VN05010.

Referncias
O.N. Villalta, et al., (2011). the potential of biofumigant and green manure crops as a tool to manage soilborne diseases in vegetable production. Biofumigation Conference. Coventry et al., (2002). Soil Biochemistry 34, 1037 1045. Davis et al., (2007). Plant Disease 91, 204-208 Zewide et al., (2007). Crop Protection 26, 856-866