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1

TH NGHIM QU TRNH V
THIT B CNG NGH HA HC
Ging vin: ThS.Phm Trung Kin
2
NI DUNG CC BI TH NGHIM
Xc nh chun s Reynolds (Reynolds Number)
Chng ct (Distillation)
Xc nh mc cht lng (Tank Draining)
Khuch tn (Stefan Diffusion)
Th nghim thit b truyn nhit (Heat Exchanger)
Tng quan v cc phn xng, qu trnh v thit b
trong nh my lc du (Overview of Refinery)
Tham quan h thit b chng ct ti phng th
nghim Lc-Ha Du v Vin Ha Hc Cng
Nghip Vit Nam
3
XC NH CHUN S REYNOLDS
Ch dng chy ca cht lng
Chy dng (tng) (Re2320): cc phn t cht lng
chuyn ng song song nhau theo ng thng vi
vn tc chm c gi l chy dng.
Chy xoy (ri) (Re10000): cc phn t chuyn
ng vi vn tc nhanh theo ng thng khng th
t vi cc hng khc nhau to thnh mt dng ri
c gi l chy xoy.
Chy chuyn tip (qu ) (2320<Re<10000): t tng
sang ri
4
CHUN S REYNOLDS
Cng thc xc nh chun s Reynolds
Re=wl/=wl/
Trong :
w: vn tc c trng ca dng chy (m/s)
l: kch thc hnh hc c trng (m)
- chiu cao h nu l tng phng
- ng knh tng ng d
t
ca mt ct m lu th i qua
d
t
=4r
tl
r
tl
=f/U
f: din tch mt ct ca dng (ng) U: chu vi thm t
: khi lng ring (kg/m
3
)
: nht ng lc hc (dynamic viscosity)
(kg/m.s hay Pa.s, N.s/m
2
)
v: nht ng hc (kinetic viscosity) (m
2
/s)
v= /

5
S TH NGHIM REYNOLDS
6
C S L THUYT TH NGHIM REYNOLDS
Th nghim Reynolds l mt th nghim c in
c Reynolds tm ra.

xem c cu trc ca dng chy, Reynolds
dng mt ng rt nh dn nc mu vo thng
vi ng tm ca ng ln dn nc khng mu.

Cc nhn xt v kt lun m Reynolds rt ra trong
qu trnh th nghim.

7
C S L THUYT TH NGHIM REYNOLDS
1. Khi tng dn lu lng t Q=0
gi tr lu lng nh, tia mu chy theo mt ng thng v
theo ng tm ng, khng dao ng, dung dch mu khng
c s ha trn vi dung dch nc chy quanh n.

Khi lu lng tng n mt mc no th tia mu bt u b
dao ng (gn sng). Lc ny dng chy tng kt thc.

Nu lu lng tip tc tng th tia mu s dao ng mnh hn
dn n b t on v sau s b ha trn hon ton vo
dng chy. Lc ny dng chy tr ln ri hon ton.

Theo Reynolds dng chy chuyn t trng thi chy tng sang
trng thi chy ri phi qua bc trung gian l trng thi
chy qu .
8
C S L THUYT TH NGHIM REYNOLDS
2. Khi lu lng gim dn
Khi dng chy trng thi ri hon ton, nu ta
gim dn lu lng th ti mc no tia mu tr
li mc gn sng.

Nu tip tc gim lu lng th dng chy li tr v
trng thi chy tng, tia mu li chy theo mt
ng thng dc theo tm ng.

Nh vy, dng chy chuyn trng thi chy t
trng thi chy ri v trng thi chy tng qua trng
thi trung gian l trng thi chy qu .
9
XC NH H S REYNOLDS T TH NGHIM
Tnh lu lng: Q = W/t
Tnh vn tc dng chy: w = Q/A
Tnh ch s Reynolds: Re = w.D/v
Trong :
W l th tch cht lng o c trong 1 n v thi
gian
t l thi gian cht lng chy c th tch W
A l din tch ng ng
D l ng knh ng
w l vn tc trung bnh trong ng
v l nht ng hc ca cht lu
Q l lu lng
10
XY DNG H TH NGHIM REYNOLDS
YU CU:
B sung c s l thuyt ca qu trnh
Cc trang thit b cn dng cho th nghim
Lp t cc thit b cho th nghim
Cht mu (c th dng KMnO
4
)
Nguyn tc o cc thng s
Tin hnh th nghim (lp li khong 2-3 ln)
Ghi kt qu th nghim
X l cc s liu th nghim
Dng cc ng c D khc nhau hoc ng gp khc
nghin cu cho cc trng hp c bit

11
CHNG CT (DISTILLATION)
Mc ch ca th nghim:
L thuyt v chng ct
Nguyn l, cu to ca thp chng ct
Nguyn tc hot ng ca thp chng ct
Xc nh hiu sut ca thp chng ct
Xc nh s a l thuyt ca thp v ch s
hi lu ti thiu
nh gi phng php McCabe-Thiele
12
C S L THUYT QU TRNH CHNG CT
Thit b chng ct
n gin nht
Thit b chng ct c ct
chng ct
13
C S L THUYT QU TRNH CHNG CT
Thit b chng ct ASTM D86
14
C S L THUYT QU TRNH CHNG CT
Kt qu th nghim (Bng 1 ni suy ra Bng 2)
15
NG CONG CHNG CT

16
THP CHNG CT
17
THP CHNG CT
a trong thp chng ct
18
S H THNG THP CHNG CT
19
MT S M HNH THP CHNG CT

20
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
Dng cho qu trnh chng ct h hai cht lng tan v hn
(Ru+Nc)
ng bay hi cn bng (a,b,c)
S nguyn l mt thp chng ct
21
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
Gi s cn chng ct h 2 cht (1) v (2) c
p sut hi bo ha ln lt l P
1
v P
2
Nng phn mol ca cht th nht trong
lng v hi ln lt l x v y
Theo Raoult v Dalton ta c:
y=P
1
x v 1-y=P
2
(1-x)
Hay: y=x/[1+( -1x)] vi =P
1
/P
2
cng ln th y cng khc x.
ng (a) vi =1
ng (b), (c) vi tng dn

22
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
Theo s thp chng ct:
D l sn phm nh
R l sn phm y
V l s mol hi bay ln
L l s mol lng chy xung
Ti mi a ca vng ct:
V
(n)
=L
(n+1)
+ D
i vi cht th nht:
V
(n)
y
(n)
=L
(n+1)
x
(n+1)
+ Dx
D



23
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
Theo gi thuyt Lewis, nhit bay hi mol
khng ph thuc phn t lng (s mol lng
chy xung t cc a c th coi l nh
nhau, s mol hi bay ln t cc a cng
nh nhau). Khi ta c:
V
(n)
y
(n)
=L
(n)
x
(n+1)
+ Dx
D

Hay:
y
(n)
=(h/(h+1))x
(n+1)
+(1/(h+1))x
D
(*)

Trong : h=L/D
Phng trnh (*) l tuyn tnh, h cng ln th
th cng dc, h= th y
(n)
=x
(n+1)
(ng cho)
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PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
th biu din s
ph thuc y(n) v x(n+1)
l cc ng lm vic
- Tt c cc ng lm
vic ca vng ct u i
qua im D ng vi
x
D
(DR, DP, DE, DH,)
25
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
Ti vng chng:
V

(m)
=L

(m+1)
-R
Vi R l s mol cn ly ra khi y thp
V

(m)
l s mol hi bay ln t a m
L

(m+1)
l s mol lng chy xung t a (m+1)
i vi cht th nht:
V

(m
y
(m)
=L

(m+1)
x
(m+1)
Rx
R
Dng gi thuyt Lewis ta c:
y
(m)
=(L

/V

)x
(m+1)
-(R/V

)x
R
(**)

26
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
th biu din gia y
(m)
v x
(m+1)
l cc ng
lm vic vng chng
Chng u i qua im R c ta x
R
(RP)
Ti vng ct: L=hD
V= L+D=(h+1)D
Ti vng chng, dng lng L

:
L

=L+L
a
=hD+L
a

Cn dng hi V

: V

=V-V
a
=(h+1)D-V
a
V R=A-D nn hi lu s:
s= V/R=[(h+1)D-V
a
]/[A-D]
27
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
Khi phng trnh (**) c dng:
y
m
=[(s+1)/s)]x
(m+1)
-(1/s)x
R
Hay: x
(m+1)
=[s/(s+1)]y
m
+[1/(s+1)]x
R
i vi a np liu:
- vng ct:
V
(n
,
)
y=L
(n+1)
x+Dx
D
- vng chng:
V

(m
,
)
y=L

(m+1)
x-Rx
R


Trong a (n

) ca vng ct cng l a (m

) ca vng
chng v a (n
+
1) ca vng ct cng l a (m

+1)
ca vng chng
28
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
Tr hai v ca phng trnh:






A l s mol nguyn liu c np
x
A
l phn mol ca cht th nht trong nguyn liu c np
V
a
l s mol nguyn liu bay hi
L
a
l s mol nguyn liu trng thi lng
(A=V
a
+L
a
)

29
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
Phng trnh ng np liu (qua M)






Khi x=x
A
th y=x=x
A
, ta c im M
Gc nghing ca ng np liu ph thuc t s
V
a
/A, tc ph thuc nhit np liu T
a
, c th ph
thuc T
a
v nhit si T
s
, nhit ngng t T
h
ca
nguyn liu. Ta c cc ng a, b,c d, e.
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PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
V tr ng np liu:
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PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
ng (a): T
a
=T
s
, nguyn liu bt u si,
B=0, (B-1)/B=-
ng (b): T
s
<T
a
<T
h
, nguyn liu bay hi
mt phn, 0<B<1, -<(B-1)/B<0 (MH)
ng (c): T
a
=T
h
, nguyn liu th hi, B=1,
(B-1)/B=0
ng (d): T
a
>T
h
, hi qu nng, B>1, (B-
1)/B>0
ng (e): T
a
<T
s
, nguyn liu cha si, B<0,
(B-1)/B>0

32
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
S liu =4, D=1/3A, R=2/3A






B=V
a
/A=1/2, nn ng np liu: y=-x+2x
A
=-x+0,7 v x
A
=0,35
hi lu ng vi ng PD l h=2,17
Phng trnh ng lm vic vng ct PD: y=0,685x+0,3
V h=2,17 nn hi lu hi s=0,835
ng lm vic vng chng RP c phng trnh:
x=0,455y+0,027
Hoc: y=2,198x-0,06


X 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
y 0,31 0,50 0,63 0,73 0,80 0,86 0,90 0,94 0,97
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PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
34
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
Theo hnh v:
tm s a l thuyt ta v ln lt cc
ng thng ng v nm ngang nm gia
ng bay hi cn bng v ng lm vic.
S a vng ct ln hn 4
S a vng chng gn 3
S a ca c thp l 4+3=7
Trng hp hi lu hon ton, ng lm
vic l RD, s a l thuyt l ln hn 4
ng bay hi cn bng cng cong ( cng
ln) th s a l thuyt tng hay gim v h
cc cht cng d hay kh tch? V sao?
35
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
S a l thuyt ca thp ph thuc:
Bn cht h
hi lu
Nhit vng np liu
Nng distillat
Nng cn (sn phm y)
Khi nim a l thuyt l mt ci g rt l thuyt,
mt a l thuyt c th khng phi l mt a thc
m gm n a thc
Gi tr n ph thuc: cu trc hnh hc ca thp, tc
, cch thc di chuyn ca pha hi, pha lng, nhit
, p sut,
36
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
Quan h gia hi lu v s a l thuyt
37
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
Cc bc xc nh s a l thuyt
38
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
Cc bc xc nh s a l thuyt
39
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
Cc bc xc nh s a l thuyt
40
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele
Cc bc xc nh s a l thuyt
41
PHNG PHP McCabe-Thiele

42
M HNH TH NGHIM CHNG CT (UOP)

43
MT S NI DUNG KHC
H chng ct trong thc t (UOP-UC DAVIS)
M hnh qu trnh chng ct (Michigan)
M hnh thp chng ct trong HYSYS
Thp chng ct du th trong nh my lc
du Dung Qut
Tng quan v cc qu trnh v thit b trong
nh my lc du Dung Qut
44
H CHNG CT UOP
45
CC M HNH THP TRONG THC T

46
CC M HNH THP CHNG CT
Thp chng ct kh quyn (Atmospheric)
Thp chng ct chn khng (Vacuum)
Thp chng ct phn ng (Reactive)
Thp chng ct ba pha (3 phases)

47
THP CHNG CT KH QUYN

48
THP CHNG CT CHN KHNG

49
TH NGHIM V CHNG CT
YU CU:
Xy dng c s l thuyt v qu trnh chng ct (cn
bng lng hi,)
Tm hiu cu to ca thit b chng ct, thp chng
ct du th,
Nguyn l hot ng ca thp chng ct
Phng php xc nh s a ca thp chng ct
V s mt h thit b v chng ct (tham kho m
hnh thp chng ct) c cc thit b ph tr v cch
vn hnh
Xc nh s a ca thp chng ct theo phng
php MacCabe-Thiele
50
XC NH MC CHT LNG TRONG BNH
Mc ch ca th nghim (Tank Draining)
Xc nh h s thot ca cht lng trong bnh qua
mt l thng.
Kho st s nh hng ca kch thc l khc nhau
n ng lc ca qu trnh chy.
D liu thc nghim cho php sinh vin phn tch sai
s (phng sai), ni v ngoi suy s liu.


51
C S L THUYT CA QU TRNH
Khi nc chy qua bnh cha (Minh ha
hnh 1), lu lng th tch c th biu din
nh sau:


Trong :
C
D
: c xc nh bng thc nghim
(H s thot ca dng chy)
A
o
: Din tch l
h: Chiu cao mc cht lng
g: gia tc trng trng
0
2 (1)
D
Q C A gh =
52
C S L THUYT CA QU TRNH
Phng trnh (1) i khi cng c xem nh nguyn l chy
Torricelli.
Dn xut ca phng trnh trn c th vit nh sau:





C
c
: H s tht ca dng chy=S
2
/S
0

S
2
: Din tch mt ct dng nh nht
S
0
: Din tch l (A
0
)
Trong thc nghim, s o su ca nc (h) nh l hm ca thi
gian (t) v xc nh h s thot cht lng (C
D
)
Xc nh h s C
C
hay C
D
ph hp nht vi cc s liu cho trong
cc ti liu

Q C A gh
C
=
0
2
53
XC NH MC CHT LNG TRONG BNH
Quy trnh thc hin th nghim:
nc vo bnh ti v tr vch sn
Chy ng h bm giy v m nt
o mc cht lng trong bnh nh l hm ca thi
gian vi cc kch thc l khc nhau
Lp li s th nghim cn thit
Xem xt cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh
V th quan h gia h(in) v t (s)
Xc nh cc sai s
Xc nh C
D
t cc s liu thu c vi cc kch
thc l khc nhau
So snh cc s liu C
D
tnh ton c v cc s liu
C
D
trong cc s tay
54
XC NH MC CHT LNG TRONG BNH
Kt qu th nghim (d
tank
= 10,75 in; d
orifice
=0,609 in; h
tank
= 12 in ):












Xc nh mi quan h gia x v y (bc 1 v bc 2) theo cc
phng php ca Quy hoch thc nghim v xc nh sai s?
Thi
gian (s)
(x)
0 5.93 11.3 17.2 23.2 29.67 36.17
Chiu
cao
(inches)
(y)
12 11 10 9 8 7 6
Thi gian (s)
(x)
43.37 51.03 60 70.73 84.73
Chiu cao
(inches)
(y)
5 4 3 2 1
55
XC NH MC CHT LNG TRONG BNH
Kt qu th nghim (d
tank
= 1 in; d
orifice
= 0,043 in; h
tank
= 15 in ):












Xc nh mi quan h gia x v y (bc 1 v bc 2) theo cc
phng php ca Quy hoch thc nghim v xc nh sai
s?
Thi
gian (s)
(x)
0 6 12.2 18.7 25.5 32.7 40.3 48.3 56.7
Chiu
cao
(inches)
(y)
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
Thi gian (s)
(x)
66.1 76.2 87.6 101 117.5 140.7
Chiu cao
(inches)
(y)
6 5 4 3 2 1
56
PHNG PHP QUY HOCH THC NGHIM
Phng php bnh phng cc tiu
Ni dung: cn biu din mi quan h gia x
1
,
x
2
,,x
k
v y
Bi ton t ra l tm mt hm s biu din
gn ng nht mi quan h ny bng mt
hm s no
Ngha l, tm mt hm s biu din mi quan
h gia x
1
, x
2
,,x
k
v y sao cho tng bnh
phng cc sai s l nh nht.
y=f(x
1
,x
2
,,x
k
) v S(b
0
,b
1
) t min
Thng thng ta hay chn hm a thc
57
i vi cc hm a thc (bc nht) ni
chung th theo phng php ny cc h s b
j
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

Gi s

Trong : X l ma trn th nghim
Y l ma trn cc kt qu th nghim
B l ma trn cc h s b
j


1 1
( ) 0 ( ) ( )
T T T
X X B X X X Y u

= = =
PHNG PHP BNH PHNG CC TIU
58
Cc ma trn X, B, Y






p dng vi hm mt bin
y = b
0
+ b
1
x (Bc 1) v y = b
0
+ b
1
x + b
2
x
2
(Bc 2)
( )( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
1 ...( )
(1) ...( )
..............................
..............................
..............................
(1) ...( )
k
k
N N Nk
x x x
x x x
X
x x x
| |
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
\ .
1
2
.
.
.
y
y
Y
yN
| |
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
\ .
0
1
.
.
.
b
b
B
bk
| |
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
\ .
PHNG PHP BNH PHNG CC TIU
59
PHNG PHP BNH PHNG CC TIU
Cc h s b
j
c xc nh theo cng thc
sau (Bc 1):

2
1
1 1 1 1
0
2 2
1 1
1 1 1
1
2 2
1 1
( ) ( )
( )
( )
N N N N
i
T T
i i i i
N N
i i
i i
N N N
i i i
N N
i i
i i
yi x xi xiyi
B X X X Y b
N x x
N xiyi xi yi
b
N x x

= = = =
= =
= = =
= =

= =





60
PHNG PHP BNH PHNG CC TIU
Hm bc nht: y = b
0
+ b
1
x (Theo cch khc)
Cho N kt qu u ra y
1
, y
2
,,y
n
tng ng vi
n gi tr u vo x
1
, x
2
,,x
N
, cn phi xc nh
cc h s b
0
, b
1
sao cho:

t Min

Ta c h phng trnh sau:
2
0 1 0 1
1
( , ) ( )
N
i i
i
S b b y b b x
=
=

0 1
0 1
1
0
0 1
0 1
1
1
( , )
2 ( ) 0;
( , )
2 ( ) 0
N
i i
i
N
i i i
i
S b b
y b b x
b
S b b
y b b x x
b
=
=
c
= =
c
c
= =
c

61
PHNG PHP BNH PHNG CC TIU
Hay ta c:
0 1
1 1
2
0 1
1 1 1
0 1
2
0 1
0
0
:
;
( ) .
N N
i i
i i
N N N
i i i i
i i i
Nb b x y
b x b x x y
Hay
nb nb x ny
nb x nb x nx y
= =
= = =
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =


62
PHNG PHP BNH PHNG CC TIU
Gii h phng trnh ta c (Bc 1):





Trong :


2
0
2 2
. . .
( )
y x x x y
b
x x

1
2 2
. .
( )
x y x y
b
x x

1 1
2 2
1 1
1 1
;
1 1
. ;
N N
i i
i i
N N
i i i
i i
x x y y
N N
x y x y x x
N N
= =
= =
= =
= =


63
PHNG PHP BNH PHNG CC TIU
Cc h s tng quan (Bc 1):

2 2
2
1
1
( )
1
;
1
N
i
N
i
x i
i
x N x
S x x
N N
=
=

= =

2 2
2
1
1
( )
1
;
1
N
i
N
i
y i
i
y N y
S y y
N N
=
=

= =

1
x
xy
y
S
r b
S
=
64
PHNG PHP BNH PHNG CC TIU
Tng d bnh phng c tnh nh sau:


Nu S(b
0
,b
1
) cng gn 0, r
xy
cng gn 1, ng
hi quy cng gn N im thc nghim.
V d: Cho bng s liu thc nghim sau:


2 2
0 1
( , ) ( 1) (1 )
y xy
S b b N S r =
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y 2.35 2.41 2.60 2.73 2.90 3.11 3.25 3.45
65
PHNG PHP BNH PHNG CC TIU
Kt qu:
b
1
= 0,1381; b
0
=2,2285; S
x
= 2,4494; S
y
= 0,3524;
r
xy
= 0,9598; S(b
0
, b
1
) = 0,06848

V d: Cho bng s liu sau:






Kt qu:
b
0
= 4,5759; b
1
= 3,4913; S
x
= 1,8708;
S
x
= 6,5322; r
xy
= 0,9998; S(b
0
, b
1
) = 0,04412

X 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 11.52 15.12 18.47 22.05 25.61 28.05
66
PHNG PHP BNH PHNG CC TIU
Trong trng hp cc s liu th nghim c
lp li n
i
ln, ta c:

1
1
1 1
2 2 2
1
2 2 2
1
;
;
( / ( ) )
( / ( ) )
( )( )
N
i i N
i
i
i
N N
i i i i i
i i
N
x i i
i
N
y i i
i
xy
x y
x n
x n n
n
x y n y n
xy y
n n
S x n n x
S y n n y
xy x y
r
S S
=
=
= =
=
=
= =
= =
=
=

67
PHNG PHP BNH PHNG CC TIU
Cho bng s liu thc nghim sau:




p dng cc cng thc trn ta thu c cc kt
qu sau:
y = 0,1656x + 0,79
S
x
= 138,755; S
y
= 1,5772
r
xy
= 0,9715
x 10 14 18 18 20 20 24 24 30 30 32 36 40 44
y 2.5 2.6 3.2 3.5 4 4.4 5 5.4 6 6.2 6.3 6.8 7 7.5
n
i
4 3 4 3 4 3 5 4 2 4 3 4 4 2
68
PHNG PHP BNH PHNG CC TIU
i vi hm bc 2: y=b
0
+b
1
x+b
2
x
2
Nu phng trnh hi quy c dng a thc bc
cao, th khi dng phng php bnh phng b
nht s tm c cc h s a thc bng h
phng trnh tuyn tnh.
Theo phng php BPCT:


2
0 1 2
( ) ( ) ( )
1; ;
f x f x f x
x x
b b b
c c c
= = =
c c c
69
PHNG PHP BNH PHNG CC TIU
Cc cng thc xc nh b
0
, b
1
, b
2
c xc nh
theo h phng trnh sau:









Thc hnh ti lp tnh ton cc h s b
j


2
0 1 2
1 1 1
2 3
0 1 2
1 1 1 1
2 3 4 2
0 1 2
1 1 1 1
N N N
i i i
i i i
N N N N
i i i i i
i i i i
N N N N
i i i i i
i i i i
b N b x b x y
b x b x b x x y
b x b x b x x y
= = =
= = = =
= = = =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =



70
XC NH MC CHT LNG TRONG BNH
YU CU:
C s l thuyt ca qu trnh
Xy dng h th nghim qu trnh
Nguyn tc vn hnh v o cc thng s
X l cc s liu thc nghim (cho trc)
theo phng php quy hoch thc nghim
(Bc 1 v Bc 2)
Xc nh cc sai s
Phng php xc nh cc h s C
D



71
KHUCH TN STEFAN (DIFFUSION)
Mc ch ca thc nghim:
o h s khuch tn hi ca cc hp phn
ring bit (Methanol, Axeton, Hexan,) trong
khng kh ca h th nghim khuch tn theo
b mt phn cch lng kh.
Nghin cu h thng o h s khuch tn
ca Trng H UC at Davis
Phn tch cc kt qu thu c

72
KHUCH TN STEFAN (DIFFUSION)
C s l thuyt ca qu trnh
Gi thit qu trnh khuch tn trng thi
tnh (khuch tn i lu t nhin) vi
Re
DT
<20
Phng trnh xc nh h s khuch tn:



Hoc:

( )
( ) ( )
D =

ln

2 2
2
o
o e
t t l x


2 2
2 1
= +
( ) ln( ) D t t x
o e
o

73
KHUCH TN STEFAN (DIFFUSION)
Trong :
C
G
nng mol trong pha kh, mol/cm
3

C
L
nng mol trong pha lng, mol/cm
3

d ng knh trong ca ng khuch tn, cm
D h s khuch tn (cm
2
/s )
l chiu di phn khuch tn ti thi im t; l
0
chiu
di phn khuch tn ng vi t = 0
Re
DT
chun s Reynolds=
t l thi gian; t
0
l thi gian u
l vn tc kh trung bnh, cm/s
x
e
nng phn mol ca cu t khuch tn ti b mt
= C
L
/C
G

khi lng ring, g/cm
3

nht ng lc hc, g/cm.s


du

u
74
KHUCH TN STEFAN (DIFFUSION)
Tin trnh lm thc nghim
Cho cht lng d bay hi vo ng
n nh nhit trong bnh
o lu lng dng khng kh m bo
Re
DT
<20
Lp t cc thit b o nng
Chp nh lin tc qu trnh theo di s
thay i mc cht lng trong ng
Ghi thi gian v v tr ca mt cht lng
75
KHUCH TN STEFAN (DIFFUSION)
Phn tch d liu
Tnh ton h s khuch tn ca 3 cht lng
khc nhau theo phng trnh cho
V biu h s khuch tn theo nhit
So snh gi tr khuch tn thc nghim vi
cc s liu trong cc s tay
So snh cc gi tr h s khuch tn thu c
vi mt s m hnh d on
nh gi phng php Stefan xc nh cc
h s khuch tn ca cc cht khc nhau
76
KHUCH TN STEFAN (DIFFUSION)
H thng o h s khuch tn
Air inlet
Air outlet
Dessicant
Thermostat
Water bath Diffusion tubes
77
KHUCH TN STEFAN (DIFFUSION)
ng khuch tn
z
r
N
A
Species A
0
Stagnant Air
Flowing Air (Re<20)
78
KHUCH TN STEFAN (DIFFUSION)
H thng khuch tn
316 Stainless Steel
Diffusion Manifold & Tube
79
KHUCH TN STEFAN (DIFFUSION)
YU CU:
C s l thuyt ca qu trnh
Xy dng h th nghim qu trnh (cc trang
thit b cn c, thit b ph tr,)
Nguyn tc vn hnh v o cc thng s
Xc nh h s khuch tn
M hnh d on h s khuch tn ca cc
cht khc nhau
80
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
C s l thuyt qu trnh truyn nhit
Cc phng thc truyn nhit
Dn nhit (Conduction)
Nhit i lu (Convection)
Natural Convection (i lu t nhin)
Forced Convection (i lu cng bc)
Bc x nhit (Radiation)
81
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Cu to thit b trao i nhit:
Loi gin tip: nhit truyn t cht ti nhit ny sang
cht ti nhit khc qua b mt phn cch (b mt
truyn nhit)
Loi m: qu trnh trao i nhit thc hin trn cng
mt b mt ca vt rn v tin hnh theo cc giai
on ni tip nhau
u tin, cho cht ti nhit nng tip xc vi b mt rn
(m), vt rn s c un nng n mt nhit cn thit
Khi ngng cung cp cht ti nhit nng, cho cht ti nhit
lnh vo, vt rn s truyn nhit cho cht ti nhit lnh
Loi trc tip: Hai cht ti nhit tip xc trc tip vi
nhau
82
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Thit b trao i nhit gin tip
Loi c v bc
Loi ng
Loi tm
Loi xon c
Loi ng gn
83
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Loi c v bc:

84
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Loi c v bc
85
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Loi ng
86
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Loi ng
87
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Loi ng
88
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Thit b trao i nhit ng chm
89
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Cch b tr ng trn li
90
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Cch chia ngn
91
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
B gin n
92
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
B gin n
93
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Loi tm
94
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Loi xon c
95
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Loi c gn
96
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Mt s m hnh thit b trao i nhit
97
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Mt s m hnh thit b trao i nhit
98
CC M HNH THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Lm lnh bng khng kh (Air cooler)
un nng v lm lnh (Heater/Cooler)
Trao i nhit (Heat Exchanger)
L t (Furnace-Fired Heater)
Trao i nhit nhiu dng LNG (Liquefied
Natural Gas)


99
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Thit lp h th nghim qu trnh truyn nhit
M hnh cc thit tr trao i nhit trong phn
mm m phng HYSYS
Tnh ton cc h s truyn nhit (xem li cc
bi tp)
Thc hnh M phng
Mt s bi tp v thit b trao i nhit ng
chm (xem li)
100
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
Thit lp h th nghim truyn nhit
101
TH NGHIM THIT B TRUYN NHIT
YU CU:
C s l thuyt qu trnh truyn (trao i)
nhit
Nguyn l v cu to cc thit b trao i nhit
trong thc t (bao gm c cc thit b lm
lnh bng khng kh, l t,)
Thit lp mt m hnh qu trnh trao i nhit
trong thc t

102
TI LIU THAM KHO (REFERENCES)
Chng trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b trong
cng ngh ha hc, UC Davis, USA, 2012
Gio trnh Cng ngh lc du, Phan T Bng, H
M-a cht, NXBXD, 2002
Qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh ha hc, Tp 1,
Nguyn Bin, H bch khoa H ni, NXB KH&KT,
2004
S tay qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh ha hc,
Tp 1&2 , NXB KH&KT, 2006
Qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh ha hc, Tp 3,
Phm Xun Ton, H bch khoa H ni, NXB
KH&KT, 2011
Cc ti liu th nghim cc qu trnh cng ngh ha
hc, UC Davis, USA, 2012

103
YU CU I VI BO CO TH NGHIM
Vit tay khong 25-30 trang
V hnh hoc ct dn hnh (nu phc tp)
Np li sau ng 2 tun sau khi i tham quan
thc tp (H chng ct ti Phng th nghim)
Chm im bo co v bo v (vn p)
ly im thi
V s chi tit v m t k lng trnh t
v nguyn tc thc hin cc th nghim
Khuyn khch xy dng mt s h th
nghim n gin theo c s l thuyt
c hc

104
NI DUNG BO CO TH NGHIM
i vi tng bi th nghim:
C s l thuyt
Xy dng h th nghim
Nguyn tc o v tnh ton cc thng s
X l cc s liu thc nghim
Kt lun
THC HIN THEO YU CU C TH CHO
CA TNG BI TH NGHIM
105
TH NGHIM QT&TB TRONG CNHH




THE END

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