Things To Be Done Today: - Types of Loads - Cyclic Stresses

Significance of Todays Lecture - Various ways of failure - To avoid failure

Types of Loads are : 1. Static Load 2. Dynamic Load i. Cyclic Load ii. Impact Load

Static Load :- Does not vary in magnitude or direction w.r.t time . - It is gradually applied and once it is applied then remains constant . - Ex. Dead weights of machinery , tightening up loads on bolts and fasteners .

Dynamic Load :- Varies in magnitude or in direction or in both w.r.t time.

Types of Dynamic Loads: i. Cyclic Load :- Varies in magnitude in a repetitive cyclic manner , either completely reversing itself from tension to compression or oscillating about some mean value

- Pattern of load variation w.r.t time is repeated again and again for thousands of cycles . - e.g forces induced in gear teeth ,forces acting on the compression spring of the valves in internal combustion engine.

ii. Impact Load :- applied suddenly at a high velocity . - energy transferred during the impact is converted into heat . - load with time reaches to a static value. -e.g punch press ,rivet gun etc.

Yielding Static Load

Plastic deformation after yield point No plastic deformation and fail by sudden fracture

fracture

Fatigue Failure : * Failure may occur when the load cycles are repeated several million times even though the stress is below the elastic limit. - failure begins with a crack at highly stressed point

* Pattern of stress variation due to dynamic loads is irregular and unpredictable . * 80% of mechanical failures are due to fatigue resulting from cyclic loads .

3 mathematical models of cyclic loads are : - fluctuating or alternating loads - repeated loads -reversed loads

FLUCTUATING OR ALTERNATING LOAD : - VARIES IN A SINUSOIDAL MANNER W.R.T TIME -POSSESS SOME MEAN VALUE AND AMPLITUDE VALUE -FLUCTUATES BETWEEN TWO LIMITS i.e MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM LOAD -LOAD CAN BE TENSILE OR COMPRESSIVE OR PARTLY TENSILE OR PARTLY COMPRESSIVE

Repeated Load :-varies in sinusoidal manner w.r.t time -variation is from 0 to some maximum value -minimum load is 0 in this case -amplitude load and mean load are equal

Reversed Load :- varies in a sinusoidal manner w.r.t. time -it has 0 mean load -half portion of the cycle consists of tensile load and remaining half of compressive load . -mean load is 0 .

 m = ( max + min) a = 1/2( max min ) * In fluctuating stresses , tensile stress is taken as + compressive stress is taken as * Repeated stress and reversed stress are special cases of fluctuating stress with min=0 and m=0 respectively.