(252282)

Op-Amp (Operational Amplifiers)

(CANDLE)

 (Op-Amp, Operational Amplifier)

3

(VoltageControlled Voltage Source, VCVS)

 (Op-Amp, Operational Amplifier)

(Integrator)

(Differentiator)

 (Op-Amp, Operational Amplifier)

(Non-inverting Terminal)
(Inverting Terminal)
(Output Terminal)

Noninverting input

Inverting input

Output

 (Op-Amp, Operational Amplifier)

: Ri
: Ro
: vd

v2
vd
v1

vd v2 v1

Ri

Ro
Avd

vo

 (Op-Amp, Operational Amplifier)

v2
vd
v1

Ri

Ro
Avd

vo

vvo Av
v v2 vv1

d A
Av
A
o
d
2
1

Parameter
A
Ri
Ro
VCC

Typical range
105 to 108
105 to 1013
10 to 100
5 to 24 V

Ideal values

 (Op-Amp, Operational Amplifier)

VCC

vo

Positive Saturation

-
(Positive saturation)
-
vd
(Linear region)

Negative Saturation

-VCC

-
(Negative saturation)

i1=0
vd

A
Ri i2=0
Ro 0
0Hz Hz

io

i1=0

i1 0 , i2 0

vd
i2=0

io

inverting

(Closedloop gain)

(Stability) :
(Positive /Negative Saturation)

()


R1
vS

R2

v1 vo v1 vS

0
R2
R1

v1
vd
vo

v2

(2) (1)

vS

R1 R2
R1
vS
v1 vo ____ (1)
R2
R2
vo Avd A v2 - v1

R1 R2
R
v1 1 A v2 v1
R2
R2

____ (2)

3
A

A =

R1 R2 R1
R1
vs
Av2

A v1
R2
R2
R2
R1 1 A
R1
vs
Av2 1
v1
R2
R2

1 R1 1 A
vS R1
v2
v1
A R2
AR2
A
0
0
1 R1
vS R1
v2 v1
A R2
A R2

____ (3)

v2 v1

0
i1=0
v1
io
v 0
vd v2 v1 0
v2
i2=0
d

 (Cascade)
Cascade

Cascade (Stage)
1, 2, , n

 (Cascade)

v1

Stage 1
A1

v2=A1v1

Stage 2
A2

v3=A2v2

Stage 3
A3

vo=A3v3

v1

vo

 (Cascade)

A A1 A2 A3

vo A1 A2 A3 v1 Av1
Stage 1
R1

vi

gain

R2
R1

Stage 2

R2

R4

R3

R2
vi
R1

gain

R4
R3

vo

R4 R2
vi
R3 R1

 (Inverting Amplifier)
i2

KCL v1 :
i1 i2 0

v1 vi v1 vo

0
R1
Rf

vi

R 1 i1 v
1

Rf
0A
0V

vi

v2

v2 0

0A

v1 v2

vo
vo

 (Inverting Amplifier)
i2

vi

vi vo

0
R1 R f

vo

Rf
R1

vi

Rf

vo

vi
R1

vi

R 1 i1 v
1
v2

Rf
0A
0V
0A

vo
vo

 (Non-Inverting Amplifier)
i2

KCL v1 :

R1 i1 v
1

i1 i2 0

v2
vi

v1 0 v1 vo

0
R1
Rf

Rf
0A
0V
0A

v1 v2

v2 vi

vo
vo

 (Non-Inverting Amplifier)
i2

vi vi vo

0
R1
Rf

Rf
vo 1
R1

vi

Rf
vo
1
vi
R1

R1 i1 v
1
v2
vi

Rf
0A
0V
0A

vo
vo

 (Summing Amplifier)
KCL va :

i1 i2 i3 i

v1 va
i1
R1
v3 va
i3
R3

v2 va
i2
R2
v v
i a o
Rf

va 0

v
v
v

R
R
R

R
0A
0V

0A

Rf
Rf
Rf
vo
v1
v2
v3
R2
R3
R1

 (Summing Amplifier)
v
v
v

R
R
R

0A

0V

R1 R2 R3 R

0A

vo

Rf
R

v1 v2 v3

 (Difference Amplifier)
KCL va :
va v1 va vo

0
R1
R2

R1
v1

R2
R
vo 1 va 2 v1 ____ (1)
R1
R1

KCL vb :

vb v2 vb 0

0
R3
R4

v2

R3

R2
va
vb

0A

0A

R4

R4
vb
v2 ____ (2)
R3 R4

vo
vo

 (Difference Amplifier)
va vb vb

(1)

R2 R4
R2
vo 1
v2 v1
R1
R1 R3 R4

R2 1 R1 R2
R2
vo
v2 v1
R1 1 R3 R4
R1

(2) va

 (Difference Amplifier)

R3
R1

R2
R4

R2
vo
v2 v1
R1
R1 R2

R3 R4

vo v2 v1


Schwarz and Oldham, Electrical Engineering,
nd
2 , Saunders College Publishing, 1993

Giorgio Rizzoni, Principles and Applications

th
of Electrical Engineering, 4 , McGRAW-Hill

Companies, 2003